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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper presents the results from a study of metals leachability of medical waste incinerator fly ash in Japan on the basis of particle size. Sequential extraction and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) analysis were carried out in order to quantify the leaching amount of metals in each categorized particle size. Sequential extraction was also subjected to identify the preference of binding matrix of metals. The results of sequential extraction showed an increase both exchangeable and carbonate associated chromium concentrations in the bigger particle size fractions. Likewise, concentrations of carbonate matrix of arsenic and tin tended to increase in the bigger particle size fractions. In contrast, exchangeable associated cadmium as well as both exchangeable and carbonate matrices of barium were found higher in the smaller particle size fractions. However, no correlation was found in Kendal-tau correlation analysis between particle size of the ash and metals leachability of the TCLP.
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PMID:Metals leachability from medical waste incinerator fly ash: A case study on particle size comparison. 1663 Dec 84

The in vitro growth of Morchella elata was characterized with respect to the effects of a variety of substrates, isolates, developmental status of the parental ascoma, temperature, and pH. Optimal substrates for growth included sucrose, mannose and lactose, but the growth of some isolates was substantially reduced in some composite media. Maltose and potato-dextrose media limited growth and caused changes in colony morphology; mycelial pigmentation was black in the case of maltose, and mycelial margins were plumose in potato-dextrose cultures. Rapid growth was most reliably achieved in a composite medium containing 1:1 sucrose:mannose. Isolates derived from single ascospores shortly after ejection from ascomata varied in ability to grow in the various substrates. This may be related to variable maturity or dormancy; increasing growth rates correlated with pileus length in the parental ascomata, and ascomata that initially produced slower-growing or abortive colonies produced faster-growing colonies after storage at 20 degrees C for 96 wk. The growth of M. elata derived from recently ejected ascospores was optimal at 16-24 degrees C or above for a faster-growing isolate, and 20-24 degrees C or above for a slow-growing isolate. Although neither isolate grew at 8 degrees C or below in an initial experiment, spawn cultured on puffed wheat at 28 degrees C produced mycelia that proliferated when transferred to soil media and incubated at 8 degrees C. Growth of M. elata in liquid cultures adjusted with potassium hydroxide was optimal at pH 7.0, and was relatively sensitive to more acidic or alkaline pH. When calcium carbonate was used to adjust pH, optimal growth shifted to pH 7.7 or above, suggesting that wood ash and other calcium compounds may not only stimulate growth in natural settings, but also alter the optimal pH for proliferation of M. elata. Further studies with other substrate combinations and incubation conditions will be necessary to fully understand the connections between in vitro growth and the ecological behaviour of the fungus.
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PMID:Cultural studies of Morchella elata. 1676 12

The synthesis and study of oil-soluble metal carbonate colloids are of interest in the area of lubricant additives. These surfactant-stabilised nanoparticles are important components in marine and automotive engine oils. Recently introduced, environmentally driven legislation has focused on lowering of gaseous emissions by placing limits on the levels of phosphorous sulphur and ash allowed in engine oil systems. These chemical limits, coupled with improved engine performance and extended oil drainage intervals, have lead to renewed interest in the production of stable, efficient nanodetergent systems. To date, this has resulted in modification of existing surfactant structures and development of new generations of surfactants. This review covers the current state of research in the area of nanodetergents.
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PMID:Nanotechnology in action: overbased nanodetergents as lubricant oil additives. 1686 Feb 84

This work presents the current waste management system at the pulp and paper mill complex of Stora Enso Oyj Veitsiluoto Mills at Kemi, Northern Finland. This paper covers examples of case studies carried out at the mill and describes how the wastes and by-products are utilized as a neutralizing agent for acidic wastewaters (i.e., green liquor dregs from the causticizing process), as a hardener in filling mine cavities (i.e., ash from the fluidized bed boiler), as a landscaping agent (i.e., ash as well as the fibre clay from chemical wastewater treatment plant), as a hydraulic barrier material for landfills (i.e., fibre clay), and as a soil enrichment agent (i.e., calcium carbonate from the precipitated calcium carbonate plant). In addition, the wood waste from the wood-handling plant, sawmill, packaging pallet plant and from the groundwood mill, as well as the biosludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant, are all incinerated in the fluidized bed boiler for energy production. Due to effective utilization of the solid wastes generated at the mills, the annual amount of waste to be disposed of in the landfill has decreased between 1994 and 2004 from 42,990 to 6083 tonn (expressed as wet weight). The paper also gives an overview of the relevant European Union legislation on the forest industry and on waste management, as well as of the pulping process and of the generation of major solid wastes in the pulp and paper mills.
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PMID:A case study of waste management at the Northern Finnish pulp and paper mill complex of Stora Enso Veitsiluoto Mills. 1698 47

Two types of leaching tests were performed on the bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators. A short-term batch test specified by the America Nuclear Society (ANS) and long-term column tests with acetic acid (pH 5.2) as leaching solution were used to evaluate copper leachability. The Cu leaching after the 5-d ANS test is about 1% of the original Cu content of 5300 mg/kg. Upon addition of a stabilizing agent, the Cu leaching quantity is reduced; the extent of reduction depends on the type of chemical used (phosphate, carbonate and sulfide). The 1.6% Na(2)S addition showed negligible Cu leaching, and Na(2)S was, therefore, used in subsequent column tests. The 30-d column test indicates a steady increase of Cu leaching amount with time and reaches about 1.5% of the original Cu content after 30 d. A 180-d column test further increased the Cu leaching to about 5.1% of the original Cu content, whereas no appreciable Cu leaching was found with the addition of 1.6% Na(2)S. A sequential extraction was conducted on the raw ash, ash with the addition of Na(2)S and the residue ash after 30 d of operation to characterize Cu affinity for different solid fractions. The data were used to evaluate the fate of Cu through these interactions.
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PMID:Long-term leaching test of incinerator bottom ash: evaluation of Cu partition. 1699 43

In Taiwan and China, calcium carbonate is commonly added as a filler during incense production to lower the cost. This study has found an unexpected benefit for this practice: it reduces particulate emission. Nine types of the popular incense on the local market were chosen for this study. The calcium content in raw material incense was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The correlation between the calcium content and emission characteristics of incense was investigated. The calcium content varied from 1.8 to 60 mg/g (incense burned) among those nine different types of incense. Very little calcium (< 1%) was found in natural wood or plants, which is mainly the raw material of incense. Instead, most calcium was artificially added in the form of CaCO3 during manufacturing. The combustion characteristics, including burning rate, emission factors of particulate, ash, and solid-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (S-PAHs), varied significantly among the nine types of incense. Incense containing 2% calcium would emit 30% less S-PAHs, compared with those with little (< 0.2%) calcium. More importantly, increasing the calcium content from 0.5 to 5% by adding CaCO3 reduced the particulate emission from incense by approximately 50%.
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PMID:Correlation between calcium carbonate content and emission characteristics of incense. 1719 91

A common operational problem in leachate collection systems is clogging due to the formation of deposits within pore spaces and collection pipes. The role of co-disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) and combustion residues from waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities in clogging is evaluated in this paper. Five parallel lysimeters were operated in monofill or co-disposal mode using MSW, WTE combustion residues, and water/wastewater treatment byproducts. Leachate was applied to each lysimeter to simulate sequential flooding and draining and leachates were characterized over a 7-month period. Waste composition and the presence/absence of biological activity influenced the redox potential, pH, and alkalinity, which impacted the rate and extent of biological degradation and chemical solubility. Calcium carbonate was identified as the most abundant chemical precipitate. Leachates from ash monofills were highly alkaline (pH > 11) and had higher ionic strength due to relatively higher levels of calcium and other minerals, while carbonate levels were limited due to the lack of biological activity. The MSW monofill generated leachates with high levels of biological activity, lower concentrations of calcium, and a rich carbonate system. Co-disposal of MSW, combustion and treatment process residues generated leachates that were not limited in either calcium or carbonate, creating ideal conditions for formation of precipitates.
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PMID:Lysimeter comparison of the role of waste characteristics in the formation of mineral deposits in leachate drainage systems. 1725 3

The synthesis of basic magnesium carbonate was examined under ultrasonic irradiation and was performed by the soda ash method using magnesium sulfate and sodium carbonate as starting materials. The particulate product was evaluated using SEM observations. Ultrasonic irradiation in the preparation of basic magnesium carbonate was found to give fine petaloid microspheres of about 3 mum in primary particle size.
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PMID:Preparation of petaloid microspheres of basic magnesium carbonate. 1745 85

Embodiment of biomass combustion technologies in the Cretan energy system will play an important role and will contribute to the local development. The main biomass fuels of Crete are the agricultural residues olive kernel and olive tree wood. Future applications of these biofuels may create, among others, operational problems related to ash effects. In this regard, the thermal behavior of the ashes during lab-scale fluidized bed combustion tests was examined, in terms of slagging/fouling and agglomeration of bed material. Control methodologies for mitigating ash problems were applied, such as leaching the raw fuels with water and using different mineral additives during combustion. The ashes and the bed material were characterized in terms of mineralogical, chemical and morphological analyses and the slagging/fouling and agglomeration propensities were determined. The results showed that fly ashes were rich in Ca, Si and Fe minerals and contained substantial amounts of alkali, falling within the range of "certain or probable slagging/fouling". Leaching of the raw fuels with water resulted in a significant reduction of the problematic elements K, Na, Cl and S in the fly ashes. The use of fuel additives decreased the concentrations of alkali and iron minerals in the fly ashes. With clay additives calcium compounds were enriched in the bottom ash, while with carbonate additives they were enriched in the fly ash. Fuel additives or water leaching reduced the slagging/fouling potential due to alkali. Under the conditions of the combustion tests, no signs of ash deposition or bed agglomeration were noticed.
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PMID:Control methods for mitigating biomass ash-related problems in fluidized beds. 1782 86

The sequestration of CO2 and carbonation process for the stabilization of fresh fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator were investigated. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of fundamental parameters affecting the stabilization of heavy metal of Pb and diffusivity and reactivity of CO2 (i. e. the water content and concentration of CO2). In addition, the major physical and chemical changes in fly ash after carbonation were investigated using XRD and SEM. It shows that 10% or more water content added to fly ash could remarkably accelerate the sequestration of CO2, compared with control samples without water. The sequestration of CO2 is not remarkable within 1 day in the air atmosphere for low content of CO2 (0.03%). The XRD analysis indicates that CO2 could combine Ca(OH)2 to form CaCO3 and CO2 could also combine heavy metal oxides to form heavy metal carbonate (i.e. from PbO4 to PbCO3). Aggregates of crystals of sheet and cylinder can be observed by SEM.
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PMID:[Investigation of the sequestration of CO2 and carbonation process for the stabilization of MSW fly ash]. 1789 83


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