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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A large-scale trial was carried out under commercial conditions to investigate to which extent the feeding of rations with varying lysine content to young hens would influence the crude nutrient content of the body fractions and might change the pattern of amino acid composition and the activity of GOT in the blood. Four rations were fed each containing 14.2% crude protein, 626-633 EFh units/kg and 0.59%, 0.61%, 0.54% and 0.46% lysine. The crude protein and crude fat content of the total body and of body fractions were in no case found to be related to the feeding regime. The proportion of crude ash in the "remainder of non-utilizable parts", in "bones", "intestinal and abdominal fat", "ovaries" and "small intestine" decreased with the decreasing lysine content of the rations. The concentrations of free lysine, histidine, arginine, and phenylalanine in the deproteinized blood plasma of the young hens were significantly (a = 0.01) lower in the birds of the lysine deficient group than in the hens of the other groups. Positive regressions were calculated for the lysine content or the content of aspartic acid in the ration and the pattern of free amino acids in blood plasma. Positive and negative linear relationships were found to exist between the concentrations of free lysine, and those of histidine, arginine or threonine, and serine. A close correlation existed between the total amount of essential amino acids in blood plasma and the lysine concentrations of the plasma. Increasing lysine supplementation produced a decline in the N content of the whole blood and blood corpuscles but a rise in the N content of blood plasma. The activity of GOT in the blood of young hens was not found to be useful as an indicator of the quality of dietary proteins.
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PMID:[Substitution of protein feed through lysine-supplemented high-protein wheat during the rearing and laying period of hens. 3. Effect of graded lysine doses on the crude nutrient content of carcasses and on the level of amino acids and GOT activity in the blood of young hens]. 123 68

Fish protein concentrate (FPC) from river Nile bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica) was prepared and compared with commercial FPC and fresh bolti fish flesh. Fish meal (FM) from bolti fish offals was prepared and compared with commercial FM and also fresh bolti fish flesh. FPC from bolti fish showed a higher crude protein content but less fat, ash, calcium and sand than the commercial sample, while FM from bolti fish showed a higher content of ash and phosphorus than commercial FM but was nearly similar in crude protein, fat, calcium and sodium chloride. FPC from bolti fish had a higher content of lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine and glutamic acid and a lower content of the other free amino acids. The bolti fish FM had a lower content of total amino acids and the contents of the free amino acids cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, valine, and methionine increased slightly. The yield was 12% for FPC and 19.5% for FM. Coliform bacteria were not present in both FPC and FM from bolti fish. Low moisture contents of FPC and FM were essential for preventing microbiol growth and to attain a good keeping quality. The FPC and FM from bolti fish reached moisture equilibrium and stopped increasing in weight within 144 to 192 h.
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PMID:Studies on fish protein concentrate and fish meal from river Nile bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica). 402 16

1. Eggs of the potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) were isolated by sieving a suspension of crushed cysts. Eggs were broken open by ultrasonic vibration and the egg shells separated from the released larvae by centrifuging in a potassium tartrate density gradient. About 1 mg. of dried egg shells was obtained from 1000 cysts. 2. The major constituent of the egg shells was protein (59%, calculated from nitrogen content). About 80% of the egg shells went into solution on acid hydrolysis. Of the 18 amino acids determined with the Technicon Auto-Analyser, proline was most abundant and, with aspartic acid, glycine and serine, made up about 64% by weight of the total amino acids. The small amounts of aromatic and sulphur-containing amino acids, and the presence of hydroxy-proline, indicate a collagen-like protein. 3. The egg shells gave a positive van Wisselingh colour test for chitin, and glucosamine was detected in their acid hydrolysate by chromatography. The glucosamine content of the egg shells, determined by the Elson-Morgan colorimetric method, was 7%, corresponding to about 9% chitin. 4. Dried egg shells contained about 7% of lipid, 6% of carbohydrate and 3% of ash. Polyphenols (3% by weight of the egg shells) were detected in the acid hydrolysates. 5. Neither the collagen nor the chitin showed evidence of crystallinity when examined by X-ray diffraction.
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PMID:The chemical composition of the egg shells of the potato cyst-nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. 606

The chemical composition of samh seeds have been investigated. Proximate analysis showed a composition of 22.25% protein, 5.7% moisture, 5.6% fat, 4.0% ash, 9.7% crude fiber, and the remainder being total carbohydrates. Mineral element analysis revealed that potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium were present as the major elements. Iron, manganese, zinc and copper were found at lower levels. However, lead was not detected in the samh seeds. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the methylester of the fatty acids of the samh seeds oil revealed the presence of fourteen fatty acids. Linoleic and oleic acids were the principle unsaturated fatty acids. While palmitic acid was the main saturated fatty acid. Amino acid analysis of the samh seeds showed the presence of seventeen amino acids including eight essential amino acids. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid were the major amino acids. Cystine and proline were present in trace amounts. These results some of which have not been reported elsewhere indicate the high nutritional potential of Saudi samh seeds. The total aerobic bacterial count and total sporeformers of seeds were 19 x 10(7) and 5 x 10(4) cfu/g respectively, thus the enterobacteriaceae, B cereus and yeast and molds were 5 x 10(2), 1 x 10(2) and 7 x 10(2) respectively. The seeds were Staph. free and the samh extract had no antimicrobial effect.
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PMID:Studies on samh seeds (Mesembryanthemum forsskalei Hochst) growing in Saudi Arabia: 2: Chemical composition and microflora of samh seeds. 883 24

Integrins that bind RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) containing peptides, especially the vitronectin receptor alpha(v)beta3, have been implicated in the regulation of osteoclast function. Echistatin, an RGD-containing snake venom peptide with high affinity for beta3 integrins, as well as nonpeptide RGD mimetics, were shown to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate the role of RGD-binding integrins in bone metabolism, we examined by several methods the effects of echistatin on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in mice and rats. First, we confirmed that echistatin binds in vitro with high affinity (Kd, 0.5 nM) to alpha(v)beta3 integrin purified from human placenta and established a competitive binding assay to measure echistatin concentrations in serum. We find that echistatin infused for 2 or 4 weeks at 0.36 microg/h x g body weight (approximately 50 nmol/day x mouse) completely prevents OVX-induced cancellous bone loss in the distal femora of ovariectomized mice. Echistatin has no effect on uterine weight, body weight, and femoral length changes induced by OVX, nor does it cause any apparent changes in major organs other than bone. In OVX rats, echistatin infusion at 0.26 microg/h x g for 4 weeks effectively prevents bone loss, evaluated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry of the femur, by femoral ash weight, and by bone histomorphometry of the proximal tibia. At effective serum concentrations of 20-30 nM, measured at the end of the infusion period, echistatin maintains histomorphometric indices of bone turnover at control levels but does not decrease osteoclast surface. In conclusion, these results provide in vivo evidence, at the level of bone histology, that RGD-binding integrins, probably alpha(v)beta3, play a rate-limiting role in osteoclastic bone resorption and suggest a therapeutic potential for integrin ligands in the suppression of bone loss.
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PMID:The integrin ligand echistatin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice and rats. 949 78

1. The apparent ileal and excreta digestibilities of amino acids in 15 samples representing 12 food ingredients were determined using 5-week-old male broiler chickens. The ingredients included 3 samples of cereals (wheat, maize and sorghum), 6 samples of plant protein meals (soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal and sunflower meal) and 6 samples of animal protein meals (meat meal, meat-and-bone meal, feather meal and fish meal). 2. The test ingredients were incorporated as the sole source of dietary protein in assay diets. Each diet was offered ad libitum to 3 pens (4 birds/pen) from d 35 to d 42 post-hatching. Total collection of excreta was carried out during the last 4 d. All birds were killed on d 42 and the contents of the lower half of the ileum were collected. Apparent ileal and excreta amino acid digestibilities were calculated using acid-insoluble ash as the indigestible marker. 3. The influence of site of measurement was found to vary among food ingredients, among samples within an ingredient and among different amino acids within an ingredient. Ileal amino acid digestibility values were similar in some ingredients, but significantly lower or higher in others than the corresponding excreta values. 4. Average ileal and excreta amino acid digestibilities in sorghum and maize were similar, but significant differences were observed for individual amino acids. In contrast, ileal amino acid digestibility values were higher than the corresponding excreta digestibility values in wheat. 5. The average ileal and excreta digestibilites of amino acids in the 3 soyabean meal samples were similar although small, but significant differences were noted for individual amino acids. Site of measurement had no effect on the digestibility of amino acids in canola meal. Digestibilities of valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamic acid, alanine and tyrosine in sunflower meal and those of valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, glutamic acid and alanine in cottonseed meal were lower by excreta analysis. 6. Digestibilities in animal protein meals, with the exception of blood meal and fish meal, were consistently higher by excreta analysis. Ileal-excreta differences in individual amino acid digestibilities were more evident in feather meal, meat meal and meat-and-bone meal. 7. Threonine and valine were the indispensable amino acids that were more frequently influenced by the site of measurement. Of the dispensable amino acids, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid and alanine were the most affected. 8. Differences determined between ileal and excreta digestibilities in the present study clearly demonstrate that amino acid metabolism by hindgut microflora in chickens may be substantial and that digestibilities measured in the terminal ileum are more accurate measures of amino acid availability than those measured in the excreta.
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PMID:A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredients for poultry. 1046 95

A survey of compositional characteristics of the aerial part of sheep's burnet (Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata) growing in Mediterranean French pastures has been undertaken. Investigations with scanning electron microscopy gave the morphological structure of this plant, in particular for akene ornamentation. Taxonomic characters confirmed the identification of the muricata subspecies. Moisture, ash, free sugars, cellulose, amino acids, and fatty acids of the whole aerial part were determined. Besides the major component, cellulose (20.4%), amino acid analysis showed that proteins contained mainly glutamic acid plus glutamine (0.67%) and aspartic acid plus asparagine (0.56%). The main fatty acids were palmitic (29.1%), linoleic (22.6%), and linolenic (21.4%).
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PMID:Nutritional value of Mediterranean sheep's burnet (Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata). 1055 64

Eight barrows (Yorkshire x [Finnish Landrace x Dutch Landrace]), initially 30 kg BW, were fitted with ileal cannulas to evaluate the effects of supplementing Ca benzoate (2.4%) and organic acids (OA) in the amount of 300 mEq acid/kg feed on dietary buffering capacity (BC), apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients, and manure characteristics. Swine were allotted in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments according to a cyclic (8 x 5) changeover design. Two tapioca-corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated without and with acidogenic Ca benzoate. Each diet was fed in combination with OA (none, formic, fumaric, or n-butyric acid). Daily rations were equal to 2.8 x maintenance requirement (418 kJ ME/BW(.75)) and were given in two portions. Chromic oxide (.25 g/kg) was used as a marker. On average, Ca benzoate lowered BC by 54 mEq/kg feed. This salt enhanced (P < .05) the ileal digestibility (ID) of DM, OM, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, alanine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine (by up to 2.4 percentage units). Also, the total tract digestibility (TD) of DM, ash, Ca and GE, and Ca retention (percentage of intake) was greater (P < .05) in swine fed Ca benzoate, whereas N retention remained unaffected. Addition of all OA (formic and n-butyric acid, in particular) exerted a positive effect (P < .05) on the ID of amino acids (except for arginine, methionine, and cysteine). A similar effect (P < .05) was found for the TD of DM, OM, CP, Ca and total P and for the retention of N and Ca. In swine fed Ca benzoate, urinary pH decreased by 1.6 units (P < .001). In conclusion, dietary OA have a beneficial effect on the apparent ileal/total tract nutrient digestibilities, and Ca benzoate increased urine acidity, which could be effective against a rapid ammonia emission from manure of swine.
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PMID:The effects of calcium benzoate in diets with or without organic acids on dietary buffering capacity, apparent digestibility, retention of nutrients, and manure characteristics in swine. 1104 28

The chemical components of freeze-dried stromata from Cordyceps scarabaecola were examined. The stromata consisted of crude carbohydrates (55.1%) and crude proteins (14.2%). The stromata were also composed of a low content of crude ash (6.6%) and fat (1.5%). The composition of the carbohydrate in the stromata included a large quantity of glucose (46.6%), mannose (35.4%) and galactose (18.0%). The acidic amino acids such as glutamic acid (32.1 mg/g) and aspartic acid (24.7 mg/g) were present in a large quantity. The extracts of stromata did not reveal any inhibitory activity for AChE in vitro. It was observed that a hot-water extract (HW) of the stromata contributed significantly to the anticoagulant activity (60 s coagulating time) and anticomplementary activity (62% of ITCH50 value). The MeOH-soluble fraction (M) from the freeze-dried stromata inhibited TPA-induced O2- generation as effectively as the positive control, genistine 27%. The hot-water extract (HW) showed the most potent intestinal immune system modulation activity and the MeOH-soluble fraction (M) had intermediate activity.
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PMID:Pharmacological activities of stromata of Cordyceps scarabaecola. 1267 54

The effect of microbial phytase (MP) and organic acids (OA) supplementation in diets for early-weaned pigs was investigated in an in vitro assay and a growth performance and digestibility trial involving 96 pigs (18 d old). The experimental diets were: 1) a control (C) formulated according to NRC (1998); 2) a negative control (NC) that was similar to diet C except that available P was reduced by 0.19%; 3) NC plus MP (500 U/kg); and 4) NC+MP and OA (NC+MPOA). In the in vitro assay, the four diets were incubated under simulated gut conditions. Addition of MP increased (P = 0.003) phytate hydrolysis from 34 (NC) to 87.5% (NC+MP); this was further increased to 90.1% due to the addition of OA (NC+MPOA). In the 4-wk growth trial, each diet was randomly assigned to six pens each with four pigs. At the end of wk 3, a mobility test was conducted on one pig randomly selected from each pen. Pigs fed the NC diet tended to have a lower (P = 0.06) mobility score compared with those fed the other diets. At the end of wk 4, six pigs per treatment were killed and samples of digesta from different sections of the gut and the third metatarsal bone were collected for nutrient digestibility and bone ash measurements, respectively. There were no differences in ADFI, ADG, and gain:feed ratio among treatments (P > 0.05); however, ADG was 6.5% higher in piglets fed the NC+MPOA diet compared with those fed the C diet. Bone ash content was lower (P = 0.003) in NC fed pigs than in those fed the other treatments. Supplementing NC with MP and MP+OA improved bone ash content to the same level as C. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM and CP did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments and averaged 80.7 and 79.4%, respectively. Of all AA, only AID of isoleucine, histidine, and aspartic acid was increased (P < 0.05) by MP+OA supplementation. Overall, there were slight numerical improvements in AID of AA due to MP and OA supplementation, with AID of essential AA averaging 79.4, 77.7, 80.1, and 81.6% for C, NC, NC+MP, and NC+MPOA, respectively. The AID of P was increased (P = 0.0001) by 21 percentage units, and the amount of P excreted was decreased (P = 0.03) by 19.4% as a result of MP+OA supplementation compared with C. In conclusion, addition of MP and OA to pig starter diets improved P digestion and utilization, thereby leading to a reduction in P excretion. Addition of MP and OA to corn-soybean meal diets fed to young pigs had only a slight effect on ileal amino acid digestibilities.
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PMID:The effect of supplementing microbial phytase and organic acids to a corn-soybean based diet fed to early-weaned pigs. 1285 18


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