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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This feasibility study using Escherichia coli DH5alpha as a reporter microorganism tended to disclose toxicity ranking of various ashes of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in comparison with typical toxic chemicals for reusability in further applications. Previous study indicated that growth inhibition to bacterial cells occurred at concentrations above 0.156, 0.625 and 0.0195g/L for bottom ash (BA), cyclone ash (CA), scrubber ash (SA), respectively, suggesting the toxicity ranking of SA>BA>CA. This follow-up study clearly stated that compared to cadmium(II) and chromium(II) SA seemed to be the most toxic species to DH5alpha. Large amounts of supplemented lime (CaO) were used for neutralization of acid gas in incinerator, SA was thus contained high-levels of sulfate, chloride and nitrate salts. Therefore, compared to other ashes a marked increase in toxicity was observed in SA. Regarding soluble cations and anions in ashes, nitrite ion seemed to stimulate instead of repress cell growth. In contrast, nitrate ion showed so-called "sufficient challenge" characteristics for growth enhancement and inhibition at low and high concentration, respectively. Low solubility of metallic ions (e.g., Pb(II) and Cu(II)) in ashes likely resulted in low mobility in the environment and low risk to humans. The findings showed that toxicity attenuation of SA will be inevitably required as SA is even more toxic than Cr(II) and Cd(II).
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PMID:Understanding biotoxicity for reusability of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash. 1682 11

A phenanthrene-degrading bacterium, strain TKP(T), was isolated from a fly ash dumping site of the thermal power plant in Panki, Kanpur, India, by an enrichment culture method using phenanthrene as the sole source of carbon and energy. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Sphingobium, as it showed highest sequence similarity to Sphingobium herbicidovorans DSM 11019(T) (97.3 %) and Sphingomonas cloacae JCM 10874(T) (96.5 %), compared with only 91-93 % similarity to members of other genera such as Sphingomonas sensu stricto, Novosphingobium, Sphingopyxis and Sphingosinicella. In DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with strains that were closely related phylogenetically and in terms of 16S rRNA gene sequences, i.e. Sphingobium herbicidovorans DSM 11019(T) and Sphingomonas cloacae JCM 10874(T), strain TKP(T) showed less than 70 % relatedness. Strain TKP(T) contained sphingoglycolipids SGL-1 and SGL-2 and 18 : 1omega7c as the predominant fatty acid, with 16 : 0 as a minor component and 14 : 0 2-OH as the major 2-hydroxy fatty acid. Thus, phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid and polar lipid profiles and differences in physiological and morphological features from the most closely related members of the Sphingobium group showed that strain TKP(T) represents a distinct species of Sphingobium. The name Sphingobium fuliginis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain TKP(T) (=MTCC 7295(T)=CCM 7327(T)). Sphingomonas cloacae JCM 10874(T) formed a coherent cluster with members of Sphingobium, did not reduce nitrate to nitrite and had a fatty acid profile similar to those of Sphingobium species; hence Sphingomonas cloacae should be transferred to the genus Sphingobium as Sphingobium cloacae comb. nov., with the type strain JCM 10874(T) (=DSM 14926(T)).
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PMID:Description of Sphingobium fuliginis sp. nov., a phenanthrene-degrading bacterium from a fly ash dumping site, and reclassification of Sphingomonas cloacae as Sphingobium cloacae comb. nov. 1695 12

The bioaccumulation ability of five species of seaweeds to 15 metals was studied in the seawater polluted by the effluent of soda ash industry. The bioaccumulation of Al, Mn and Fe in these seaweeds increased continuously as distance increased from outfall. However, Padina tetrastromatica showed reverse trend. Quite a number of metals like Au, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, Pt and Sn were not recorded from any species of seaweeds from all sampling stations. Cr was recorded in Gracillaria acerosa from control site only. Accumulation of Cu in Gracilaria corticata was maximum near effluent discharge point and least at control, whereas its accumulation in P. tetrastromatica was more at station with lower pollution (station-3) than higher polluted station (station-2). Seaweeds had different pattern of bioaccumulation to Cu and Ag under the influence of the effluent. The bioaccumulation of Cd in quite a number of species was in non-detectable range, however in case of red seaweed it was more under polluted condition and non-detectable in control. The biosequestering capacity of different seaweed to different metals and their suitability for bioremediation under the influence of effluent is discussed. Bioconcentration factor for different seaweed species from different distances from outfall has been computed and discussed. The undiluted soda ash industry effluent is characterized by very high pH, density, settleable solids, total dissolved solids, ammonia and nitrate. The specific gravity, density, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids decreased continuously from undiluted effluent to seawater affected up to 1 km.
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PMID:Effect of soda ash industry effluent on bioaccumulation of metals by seaweeds of coastal region of Gujarat, India. 1725 93

Lignite fly ash was used as an additive in three different alkaline stabilisation processes and the effects on some chemical properties of wastewater sludge were investigated. The results of the study indicated that sludges added with fly ash only in a dose of 40% (on a dry weight basis) generally caused no significant differences in the sludge properties. However, ammonium-nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and soluble boron concentrations were slightly reduced in sludges which were added with 80% and 120% fly ash. On the other hand, alkaline stabilisation (10-15% quicklime+40-120% fly ash) and alkaline pasteurisation (10-15% quicklime+40-120% fly ash+heating at 70 degrees C for 30 min) processes caused a significant decrease in available forms of nitrogen and phosphorus and a significant increase in pH. Although a strong relationship between fly ash dosage and available nitrogen concentration was obtained in alkaline stabilisation process, no significant correlation was found between the two parameters in alkaline pasteurisation process. The results also suggested that using fly ash with doses of 40%, 80% and 120% in alkaline pasteurisation process caused no significant alteration in sludge properties. Heating and quicklime addition were expected to be the influential factors.
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PMID:The effects of fly ash incorporation on some available nutrient contents of wastewater sludges. 1744 42

Analysis of soils from burned and unburned chaparral indicates that high nitrate concentrations following fire are due to the addition of ammonium and organic nitrogen in the ash. Inhibition of mineralization in unburned chaparral results in low nitrate concentrations. Fluctuations in the amount of soil nitrate in unburned chaparral are the direct result of foliar leaching.
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PMID:Fire and the nitrogen cycle in california chaparral. 1776 28

Alkali activation of fly ash by sodium silicate solutions, forming geopolymeric binders, provides a potential means of treating wastes containing heavy metals. Here, the effects on geopolymer structure of contamination of geopolymers by Cr(VI), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in the forms of various nitrate and chromate salts are investigated. The addition of soluble salts results in a high extent of dispersal of contaminant ions throughout the geopolymer matrix, however very little change in geopolymer structure is observed when these materials are compared to their uncontaminated counterparts. Successful immobilization of these species will rely on chemical binding either into the geopolymer gel or into other low-solubility (silicate or aluminosilicate) phases. In the case of Pb, the results of this work tentatively support a previous identification of Pb(3)SiO(5) as a potential candidate phase for hosting Pb(II) within the geopolymer structure, although the data are not entirely conclusive. The addition of relatively low levels of heavy metal salts is seen to have little effect on the compressive strength of the geopolymeric material, and in some cases actually gives an increase in strength. Sparingly soluble salts may undergo some chemical conversion due to the highly alkaline conditions prevalent during geopolymerization, and in general are trapped in the geopolymer matrix by a simple physical encapsulation mechanism. Lead is in general very effectively immobilized in geopolymers, as is cadmium in all except the most acidic leaching environments. Hexavalent chromium is problematic, whether added as a highly soluble salt or in sparingly soluble form.
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PMID:Geopolymers for immobilization of Cr(6+), Cd(2+), and Pb(2+). 1831 13

Ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate are the most commonly used straight nitrogen fertilisers in Europe, accounting for 43% of the total nitrogen used for fertilisers. They are both produced in a similar way; carbonate can be added as a last step to produce calcium ammonium nitrate. The environmental impact, fossil energy input and land use from using gasified biomass (cereal straw and short rotation willow (Salix) coppice) as feedstock in ammonium nitrate production were studied in a cradle-to-gate evaluation using life cycle assessment methodology. The global warming potential in the biomass systems was only 22-30% of the impact from conventional production using natural gas. The eutrophication potential was higher for the biomass systems due to nutrient leaching during cultivation, while the acidification was about the same in all systems. The primary fossil energy use was calculated to be 1.45 and 1.37MJ/kg nitrogen for Salix and straw, respectively, compared to 35.14MJ for natural gas. The biomass production was assumed to be self-supporting with nutrients by returning part of the ammonium nitrate produced together with the ash from the gasification. For the production of nitrogen from Salix, it was calculated that 3914kg of nitrogen can be produced every year from 1ha, after that 1.6% of the produced nitrogen has been returned to the Salix production. From wheat straw, 1615kg of nitrogen can be produced annually from 1ha, after that 0.6% of the nitrogen has been returned.
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PMID:Ammonium nitrate fertiliser production based on biomass - environmental effects from a life cycle perspective. 1844 Feb 25

The uptake of carbohydrate and nitrate by Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures was studied in relation to biomass production in shake flasks. Biomass production was similar when using either 6, 12, 18, or 24 mM nitrate as the nitrogen source and 20 g L(-1) sucrose as the carbon source. In all cases, maximum biomass production was reached when carbohydrates were entirely consumer by the cells. Apparent biomass yields, Y(X/S) and Y(X/N) were 0.49 g biomass g(-1) glucose equivalent and 0.23 g biomass mmol(-1) nitrate, respectively. The determination of the cellular carbon-to-nitrogen ration (C/N ration) resulted in the identification of three district growth phases: an active growth phase, and accumulation phase, and a biomass decline phase (endogenous metabolism). The onset of the last two phases was correlated with nitrate and sugar of the last two phases was correlated with nitrate and sugar exhaustion, respectively. Balanced stoichiometric equations describing the active growth and accumulation phases were proposed based on elemental composition and ash content of the biomass. The stoichiometric equation related to the accumulation phase predicts that the available sugars are stored as starch- and lipid-like materials.
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PMID:Growth and stoichiometry of a Catharanthus roseus cell suspension culture grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions. 1860 77

Potential water quality impacts associated with using bottom ash (BA) and composted dairy manure (CM) as a soil amendment were evaluated in this study. Two column studies were conducted to evaluate three blends of acidic BA and CM (BA:CM, v/v) namely, B1ac (95:5), B2ac (90:10), and B3ac (80:20) and three blends of alkaline BA and CM (BA:CM, v/v), namely, B1al (95:5), B2al (90:10), and B3al (80:20) under constant head water table conditions. Samples from standing water (top) and leachate (bottom) were collected at weekly intervals until day 49 to evaluate the effects of different blend ratios and elapsed time on standing water and leachate chemical and physical properties. A higher CM content in both acidic and alkaline blends resulted in higher leachate concentrations for solids and nutrients tested in this study. Alkaline blends had higher standing water and leachate nutrients concentration compared to acidic blends. After day 28, standing water total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations for all acidic blends was below the USEPA drinking water standard however, TDS value for alkaline blend was always below the standard. Similar trends were also observed for NO3-N and phosphorus (P) concentrations for both blends. Based on these findings, it was concluded that acidic and alkaline blends B1ac, B1al, B2ac and B2al may be considered as a soil amendment material.
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PMID:Acidic and alkaline bottom ash and composted manure blends as a soil amendment. 1860 70

Riparian zones are an important transition between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and they function in nutrient cycling and removal. Non-native earthworms invading earthworm-free areas of North America can affect nutrient cycling in upland soils and have the potential to affect it in riparian soils. We examined how the presence of earthworms can affect riparian nutrient cycling and nutrient delivery to streams. Two mesocosm experiments were conducted to determine how (1) the biomass of earthworms and (2) earthworm species can affect nutrient flux from riparian zones to nearby streams and how this flux can affect streamwater nutrients and periphyton growth. In separate experiments, riparian soil cores were amended with one of four mixed earthworm biomasses (0, 4, 10, or 23 g m(-2) ash-free dry mass) or with one of three earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa, Lumbricus terrestris, L. rubellus) or no earthworm species. Riparian soil cores were coupled to artificial streams, and over a 36-day period, we measured nutrient leaching rates, in-stream nutrient concentrations, and periphyton growth. Ammonium leaching increased with increasing biomass and was greatest from the A. caliginosa treatments. Nitrate leaching increased through time and increased at a greater rate with higher biomass and from cores containing A. caliginosa. We suggest that the overall response of increased nitrate leaching [90% of total nitrogen (N)] was due to a combination of ammonium excretion and burrowing by earthworms, which increased nitrification rates. During both experiments, periphyton biomass increased through time but did not differ across treatments despite high in-stream inorganic N. Through time, in-stream phosphorus (P) concentration declined to <5 microg l(-1), and periphyton growth was likely P-limited. We conclude that activities of non-native earthworms (particularly A. caliginosa) can alter biogeochemical cycling in riparian zones, potentially reducing the N-buffering capacity of riparian zones and altering stoichiometric relationships in adjacent aquatic ecosystems.
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PMID:Non-native earthworms in riparian soils increase nitrogen flux into adjacent aquatic ecosystems. 1882 16


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