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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of adding 0 or .25 g of water/g of feed and heating for 0, 20, or 40 h at 100 degrees C on buffering capacity of beet pulp, almond hulls, alfalfa hay, oat hay, wheat bran, oat bran, and barley were determined in vitro. Feeds were examined for ash, N, NDF, ADF, acid detergent lignin, total buffering capacity (pH 4 to 9), and physiological buffering capacity (pH 5.5 to 7). Minerals were measured at 0 g of water/g of feed, 0 h of heat and at .25 g of water/g of feed, 40 h of heat; differences were negligible. Total buffering capacity was high for alfalfa, oat hay, and almond hulls; low for barley and oat bran; and intermediate for beet pulp and wheat bran. Physiological buffering capacity was consistently lower than total buffering capacity, but differences varied among and within feeds. Moisture had little effect on buffering capacity, NDF, ADF, or lignin. Time of heating had a significant effect on buffering capacity, NDF, ADF, and lignin but not on N or ash. Heating increased buffering capacity in most cases. Lignin was a poorer predictor of buffering capacity than total ash across feeds but a better predictor within feed across treatments. Large errors could occur when using total ash to predict buffering capacity for feeds subjected to heat.
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PMID:In vitro buffering capacity changes of seven commodities under controlled moisture and heating conditions. 131 95

Effects of Mo and S on the digestion of dietary DM, ash, OM, NDF, CP, and nonprotein OM were evaluated using four Holstein steers, each with cannulas in the rumen, proximal duodenum (PD), and terminal ileum (TI). Steers were continuously fed diets with high (13.3 mg/kg DM) and low (1.8 mg/kg DM) Mo (HM and LM, respectively) and high (3.9 g/kg DM) and low (1.3 g/kg DM) S (HS and LS, respectively) as combinations LMLS, LMHS, HMLS, and HMHS in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Daily flows of dietary components at the PD and TI and as fecal excretion were estimated using dysprosium as an inert marker. With HM diets, the balance between absorption and endogenous input in the stomach was such that there was a lower (P less than .10) net (intake minus duodenal flow) output of mineral from the stomach. A lower (P less than .10) net output of diaminopimelic acid as an indicator of bacterial CP and DM was associated with a lower (P less than .10) net output of CP from the stomach of steers fed HM diets. This lower net output of CP from the stomach, coupled with no effect (P greater than .10) of Mo on CP in the small intestine, indicated that less CP was absorbed from the small intestine. Supplemental Mo in association with S appeared to prevent (P less than .10) an apparent higher net output of methionine from the stomach when supplemental S alone was in the diet. Effects of supplemental S were minor compared with those of supplemental Mo. Dietary Mo had negative effects on ash as an indicator of mineral balance in the stomach of steers and on the output of CP as bacterial CP and of DM of bacterial origin from the stomach of steers.
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PMID:Effects of molybdenum and sulfur on digestion by steers. 164 54

Four heifers of an average live weight of 301 kg supplied with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae received rations consisting of 4 kg hay (variants A und B), 1 kg coarse wheat meal, 0.4 kg molasses, 100 g urea and 30 g mixed minerals per animal and day. After a 14-day preliminary feeding period the ileum digesta was quantitatively collected at the re-entrant cannula over 24 h. 10% of the digesta were used for analysis, the remainder was heated to 37 degrees C and returned. Under consideration of the digesta passage through the colon the 24-hour collection of faeces was started after a 6-hour delay after the first replacement of digesta. Losses of nutrients were calculated from the values analysed from digesta and faeces. No differences could be ascertained between the two hay variants. On an average of the two rations the nutrient losses of the scaffold substances-equivalent to the digestibility in the colon-showed the following values: crude fibre = 10.6%, NDF = 10.4%, ADF = 11.9% and hemicellulose = 7.4%. The losses of the other nutrients, corresponding to their apparent digestibility, had the following values: crude protein = 12.1%, crude fat = 10.7%, N-free extracts = 18.9%, ash = 31.2%, dry matter = 17.5%. The water balance showed that 8.2 l water of the 23.4 l supplied with the ileum digesta were excreted in faeces.
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PMID:[Postileal nutrient digestibility in cattle]. 165 50

Total dietary fiber (TDF) values for cereal grains, fruits, vegetables, processed foods, and purified or semi-purified dietary fiber products were determined by a new method using 8M urea and enzymes (urea enzymatic dialysis, UED, method). The results are compared with the official AOAC procedure. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber were determined for several of these foodstuffs and compared with the NDF values. Crude protein and ash contamination was usually lower with the UED method compared with the AOAC method, particularly for samples that formed gels during ethanol precipitation. Urea and the heat stable amylase were effective in removing starch even at relatively low temperatures of the assay (50 degrees C). The new assay is relatively economical in use of equipment, enzymes, and reagents. Studies are currently in progress to minimize the assay time for the UED method while further improving its flexibility and robustness. The results of the studies will be discussed.
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PMID:Analysis of foodstuffs for dietary fiber by the urea enzymatic dialysis method. 170 60

Effects of feeding hydrogenated tallow fatty acids and triglycerides to lactating dairy cows were studied using five primiparous Holstein cows in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. A control diet with no supplemental fat and diets containing either hydrogenated tallow fatty acids or triglycerides at 2 and 5% levels were fed for ad libitum intake. Diets were isonitrogenous but not isocaloric. Each treatment period consisted of 28 d; the last 14 d were used for data collection. Fat-supplemented diets had no effects on DM intake, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, and BW compared with the control diet. Energy intake and milk yields were higher for cows fed fat-supplemented diets. Adding fatty acids to diets increased milk fat percentage above that in milk from cows fed triglyceride diets. Apparent digestibilities of DM and OM were lowered by the addition of fat, mainly in response to fatty acid additions. Feeding fatty acids reduced ash digestibility compared with feeding triglycerides, and NDF digestibility also tended to be lower for cows fed fatty acid diets. Fat addition to diets reduced fatty acid digestibility; digestibility of added fat averaged 37.7%. Although of similar saturation, the triglyceride supplement was more ruminally inert than the fatty acid supplement. Esterification and degree of saturation are features of importance when processing tallow for use in ruminant diets.
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PMID:Feeding hydrogenated fatty acids and triglycerides to lactating dairy cows. 191 35

Energy retention was compared in Holstein steers fed either alfalfa or orchardgrass silages for 164 d at either 65 or 90 g DM/kg.75 BW daily in a 2 x 2 factorial. Energy retention was estimated by slaughter-balance using an initial kill of eight steers at 216 kg and a final kill of eight steers per treatment at 326 kg. The ADG was not affected (P greater than .05) by silage, but steers fed alfalfa gained less (P less than .001) gut fill (they lost gut fill) and gained more (P less than .001) of the following than steers fed orchardgrass: empty body, 23%; fat, 50%; fat-free matter, 18%; protein, 16%; water, 17%; ash, 43%; gross energy, 31%; and carbon, 38%. With retained energy at 1.15 Mcal/d, retained energy was equally distributed between fat and protein. Increments of daily retained energy greater than 1.15 Mcal were deposited as 76% to fat and 24% to protein; this distribution was not affected by silage. The energy requirement for maintenance, with BW adjusted to equal gut fill, was not different (P greater than .05) at 130 kcal ME/kg.75 BW for steers fed alfalfa vs 125 for steers fed orchardgrass. Although not significant (P greater than .05), retained energy/ME intake above maintenance was 13% greater for steers fed alfalfa (.261) than for steers fed orchardgrass (.230), which supports the difference observed by calorimetry. The difference in dietary protein (25.6 vs 20.5%) did not contribute to the difference in energy retention because the differences in fat and protein retention could be explained totally by differences in daily energy deposition. The higher NDF of orchardgrass, or other fiber components, seems to be the most probable cause of its somewhat lower partial energetic efficiency relative to alfalfa.
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PMID:Energy components of growth in Holstein steers fed formaldehyde- and formic acid-treated alfalfa or orchardgrass silages at equalized intakes of dry matter. 217 44

Twenty Holstein dairy cows in early lactation were allocated equally to one of two treatments on the basis of age, days in milk, and mean daily 2-wk pretrial milk yield. All animals were fed a total mixed ration; the ration for the treatment group was top-dressed with 90 g/d of yeast culture, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Treatment period lasted 10 wk. Mean daily DM intake, milk production, milk composition, and BW were not significantly affected by treatment. Feed and fecal samples were collected the last 3 d of the treatment period to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility using ADF insoluble ash as the inert marker. No significant differences in digestibility were observed between treatment groups for CP, ADF, and NDF.
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PMID:Effect of yeast culture on nutrient digestibility and milk yield response in early- to midlactation dairy cows. 220 Aug 12

A grazing trial was conducted with six half-sib yearling Angus steers (average initial weight 281 kg) to quantitate nutrient composition and voluntary intake of vegetative regrowth forage in low-endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams) Kentucky-31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pasture. A new .6-ha section in each of two 3.0-ha pastures (three steers/pasture) was clipped to a 5-cm height on five consecutive days to establish a series of plots that could be grazed continuously during 5-d test periods at uniform stages of vegetative regrowth; each period represented a specific regrowth stage (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d). Steers were conditioned by training them to graze to satiety while tethered with an adjustable-length rope to a 1-m galvanized steel post. Grazing time was limited to two sessions daily beginning at 0800 and 1400, and satiety was achieved after no more than 2.5 h of continuous grazing in each session. Forage DM availability was controlled by adjusting tether length and was set each day at 4% of steer BW. Fecal DM output was measured by chromic oxide dilution. A quadratic (P less than .05) effect of regrowth stage was observed for forage contents of NDF and ADF due to abrupt increases in both fractions at wk 5; values for ADL were unaffected by stage of forage regrowth. Forage contents of CP and ash showed a cubic (P less than .05) response to advancing stage of regrowth, with highest (23.6 and 11.0%, respectively) and lowest (14.7 and 9.1%, respectively) values for both fractions occurring at wk 1 and 5, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Forage composition and intake by steers grazing vegetative regrowth in low endophyte tall fescue pasture. 221 14

Oat flour, the by-product resulting from commercial production of oat bran, was analyzed to contain 7.7% moisture, 11% CP, 6% crude fat, 8.8% NDF, 1.56% ash (.10% Ca, .23% P), 4,265 kcal/kg GE, .41% lysine, .36% threonine, .17% tryptophan, .21% methionine and .34% cystine. Chick bioassays revealed that lysine and threonine were the first- and second-limiting amino acids in oat flour. Slope-ratio protein quality assessment indicated that the protein quality of oat flour was similar to that of dehulled soybean meal. True ME (corrected for N retention, i.e., TMEn) of oat flour for adult cockerels was 3,726 kcal/kg. A P bioavailability assay with chicks indicated that the P in oat flour was 59.7% bioavailable relative to a KH2PO4 standard. Oat bran was analyzed to contain 9.7% moisture, 15% CP, 6.2% crude fat, 19.2% NDF, 2.33% ash (.12% Ca, .41% P), 4,316 kcal/kg GE, .59% lysine, .47% threonine, .18% tryptophan, .24% methionine and .44% cystine. Protein quality assessment in chicks indicated that the protein quality of oat bran was similar to that of dehulled soybean meal. True MEn of oat bran was found to be 3,449 kcal/kg. Of the .41% total phosphorus in oat bran, 42.2% was bioavailable, relative to the KH2PO4 standard.
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PMID:Nutritive value of oat flour and oat bran. 228 66

Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids (calcium soap) on feedlot performance, diet digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers fed diets (85% concentrate:15% corn silage) containing 0, 2, 4 or 6% calcium soap. In Trial 1, increasing calcium soap decreased (P less than .05) DM, CP and gross energy intake but increased total fatty acid intake. Feed to gain ratio tended to improve with increased calcium soap; gross energy conversion was not affected (P greater than .05) by diet. Average daily gain and hot carcass weight decreased (P less than .05) with addition of calcium soap; other carcass characteristics were not affected (P greater than .05). Apparent digestibilities of DM, N, energy and ash were not affected (P greater than .05) by calcium soap. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly (P less than .08) with increasing calcium soap, whereas digestibility of total fatty acids was affected quadratically (P less than .05); fatty acid digestibility was similar among 0, 2 and 4% calcium soap diets but decreased for the 6% calcium soap diet. In Trial 2, increased calcium soap did not affect (P greater than .05) ruminal VFA concentrations, pH or in sacco NDF disappearance of orchardgrass following 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Calcium soap increased (P less than .07) ruminal concentrations of calcium soap fatty acids at 1, 2, 4 and 8 h postfeeding. Calcium soap did not improve performance of feedlot cattle fed high-concentrate diets. Further, calcium soap did not affect ruminal fermentation and did not dissociate significantly even when ruminal pH was below 6 for extended periods of time.
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PMID:Effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers. 240 71


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