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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forage samples were obtained from three wheat and rye mixed pastures (replications) from December 1979, to April 1980 (140 d), while they were being grazed by mature cows at the Southwestern Livestock and Forage Research Station, El Reno, Oklahoma. These samples were taken three times during December, twice monthly in January and February and weekly in March and April. Samples were analyzed for dry matter, ash, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, ash alkalinity, aconitic, malic and citric acids, total lipids, NO3-N, Na and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). In vitro digestibility was also determined. The N:TNC ratio, estimated plasma Mg levels and K:(Ca + Mg) ratio (tetany ratio) were calculated. On d 105 (March 19), 16% (five of 32 head) of the cows developed tetany. At tetany, the forage K, protein, digestibility, ash alkalinity, aconitic acid and total lipids increased suddenly and markedly. Forage dry matter, TNC and ash decreased. Forage Ca and Mg were slightly below or equal to the animals' requirements and remained relatively constant during the period of tetany. Forage P increased about 2 wk before tetany and decreased after tetany occurred. The levels of forage NO3-N and Na did not appear to be related to the incidence of tetany. The N:TNC ratios exceeded .4 immediately before tetany and two sampling periods thereafter. The estimated plasma Mg levels were lowest at tetany and shortly thereafter and tetany ratio exceeded 2.2 during most of the study, with peaks of 3.2 in December, at tetany and in early April.
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PMID:Wheat pasture poisoning. I. An evaluation of cereal pastures as related to tetany in beef cows. 667 78

The dynamics of C and N in terrestrial ecosystems are not completely understood and the use of stable isotopes may be useful to gain further insight in the pathways of CO2 emissions and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) during decomposition of litter. Objectives were (i) to study the decomposition dynamics of Calamagrostis epigeios, a common grass species in forests, using 13C-depleted and 15N-enriched plants and (ii) to quantify the effect wood ash addition on the decomposition and leaching of DOC and DON. Decomposition was studied for 128 days under aerobic conditions at 8 degrees C and moisture close to field capacity in a spodic dystric Cambisol with mor-moder layer. Variants included control plots and additions of (i) Calamagrostis litter and (ii) Calamagrostis litter plus 4 kg ash m-2. (i) Decomposition of Calamagrostis resulted in a CO2 production of 76.2 g CO2-C m-2 (10% of added C) after 128 days and cumulative DOC production was 14.0 g C m-2 out of which 0.9 g C m-2 was Calamagrostis-derived (0.1% of added C). The specific CO2 formation and specific DOC production from Calamagrostis were 6 times higher (CO2) and 4 times smaller (DOC) than those from the organic layer. The amount of Calamagrostis-derived total N (NH4+, NO3-, DON) leached was 0.7 g N m-2 (4.8% of added N). Cumulative DON production was 0.8 g N m-2 which was slightly higher than for the control. During soil passage, much of the DOC and DON was removed due to sorption or decomposition. DOC and DON releases from the mineral soil (17 cm depth) were 6.3 g C m-2 and 0.5 g N m-2. (ii) Addition of ash resulted in a complete fixing of CO2 for 40 days due to carbonatisation. Afterwards, the CO2 production rates were similar to the variant without ash addition. Production of DOC (98.6 g C m-2) and DON (2.5 g N m-2) was marked, mainly owing to humus decay. However, Calamagrostis-derived DOC and Calamagrostis-derived total N were only 3.9 g C m-2 (0.5% of added C) and 0.5 g N m-2 (3.4% of added N). The specific DOC production rate from the organic layer was 6 times higher than that from Calamagrostis. The results suggest that with increasing humification from fresh plant residues to more decomposed material (OF and OH layers) the production ratio of DOC/CO2-C increases. Addition of alkaline substances to the forest floor can lead to a manifold increase in DOC production.
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PMID:Use of 13C and 15N mass spectrometry to study the decomposition of Calamagrostis epigeios in soil column experiments with and without ash additions. 1102 25

Ambient particulates of PM2.5 were sampled at three sites in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, during February and March 1999. In addition, resuspended PM2.5 collected from traffic tunnels, paved roads, fly ash of a municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator, and seawater was obtained. All the samples were analyzed for twenty constituents, including water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and metallic elements. In conjunction with local source profiles and the source profiles in the model library SPECIATE EPA, the receptor model based on chemical mass balance (CMB) was then applied to determine the source contributions to ambient PM2.5. The mean concentration of ambient PM2.5 was 42.69-53.68 micrograms/m3 for the sampling period. The abundant species in ambient PM2.5 in the mass fraction for three sites were OC (12.7-14.2%), SO4(2-) (12.8-15.1%), NO3- (8.1-10.3%), NH4+ (6.7-7.5%), and EC (5.3-8.5%). Results of CMB modeling show that major pollution sources for ambient PM2.5 are traffic exhaust (18-54%), secondary aerosols (30-41% from SO4(2-) and NO3-), and outdoor burning of agriculture wastes (13-17%).
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PMID:Determination of source contributions to ambient PM2.5 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, using a receptor model. 1132 6

In this paper, the effect of Ba(NO3)2 on the efficiency of sulfur fixation of calcium oxide during coal combustion was studied. The results showed that addition of barium nitrate to the CaO can enhance the sulfur removal rate of CaO significantly. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of residual ash of coal added some sulfur fixative expressed that Ba2+ can form a compound of Ba-Al-Si-O which encloses the CaSO4 to prevent it's decomposition, so Ba2+ can improve the action of sulfur fixation of CaO. The combustion character of the original coal and original coal added sulfur fixative was researched with thermal-gravity analyzer and the results expressed that adding some sulfur fixative to the coal will make the combustion character of coal change little.
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PMID:Role of barium nitrate on the sulfur fixation of calcium oxide. 1159 Jul 23

Anion exchangers were prepared from different agricultural residues (AR) after reaction with epichlorohydrin and dimethylamine in the presence of pyridine and N,N-dimethylformamide (EDM method). Agricultural residues anion exchangers (AR-AE) produced by the EDM method were inexpensive and showed almost the same NO3- removal capacities as Amberlite IRA-900. AR-AE produced from AR with higher hemicelluloses, lignin, ash and extractive contents resulted in the lower yields. Sugarcane bagasse with the highest alpha-cellulose contents of 51.2% had the highest yield (225%) and lowest preparation cost. The highest maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) for nitrate was obtained from rice hull (1.21 mmol g(-1)) and pine bark natural exchangers (1.06 mmol g(-1)). No correlation was found between Qmax and alpha-cellulose content in the original AR. AR-AE produced from different AR demonstrated comparable Qmax due to the removal of non-active compounds such as extractives, lignin and hemicelluloses from AR during the preparation process. Similar preparation from pure cellulose and pure alkaline lignin demonstrated that the EDM method could not produce anion exchangers from pure lignin due to its solubilization after the reaction with epichlorohydrin.
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PMID:Preparation of agricultural residue anion exchangers and its nitrate maximum adsorption capacity. 1222 9

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of wood ash application on soil solution composition of three tropical acid soils. Calcium carbonate was used as a reference amendment. Amended soils and control were incubated for 60 days. To assess soluble nutrients, saturation extracts were analysed at 15 days intervals. Wood ash application affects the soil solution chemistry in two ways, as a liming agent and as a supplier of nutrients. As a liming agent, wood ash application induced increases in soil solution pH, Ca, Mg, inorganic C, SO4 and DOC. As a supplier of elements, the increase in the soil solution pH was partly due to ligand exchange between wood ash SO4 and OH- ions. Large increases in concentrations of inorganic C, SO4, Ca and Mg with wood ash relative to lime and especially increases in K reflected the supply of these elements by wood ash. Wood ash application could represent increased availability of nutrients for the plant. However, large concentrations of basic cations, SO4 and NO3 obtained with higher application rates could be a concern because of potential solute transport to surface waters and groundwater. Wood ash must be applied at reasonable rates to avoid any risk for the environment.
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PMID:Effect of wood ash application on soil solution chemistry of tropical acid soils: incubation study. 1236 2

The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of a number of heavy metals (Cd, Cr(III), Cu, Pb and Zn), as well as anions (Cl-, SO4(2-)) on the physical and mechanical properties of cementitious pastes, including setting time, bulk density and unconfined compressive strength. The above mentioned species and their concentrations were selected in order to simulate addition of 20% municipal solid waste incinerator ash to Portland cement. Spiking experiments were performed according to a 2IV(7-3) fractional factorial design by addition of pure compounds containing the contaminants of interest to Portland cement. The results from the experimental campaign, which were interpreted using statistical analysis techniques, showed that the investigated contaminants variously affected the hydration process of cement. The ranking for final setting time values was Zn(NO3)2 > K2SO4 > NaCl > mean response > Cr(NO3)3 > NaCl+Cr(NO3)3, Cd(NO3)2+Pb(NO3)2 or CuCl2+Zn(NO3)2 interaction, whereas the ranking for UCS values during hardening was Zn(NO3)2 > CuCl2 > NaCl+K2SO4, CuCl2+Pb(NO3)2 or Cd(NO3)2+Zn(NO3)2 interaction > mean response. Conversely, none of the selected contaminants was found to significantly influence ultimate strength.
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PMID:Modelling heavy metal and anion effects on physical and mechanical properties of portland cement by means of factorial experiments. 1266 92

Trace metal selenium in milk cow serums has determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with matrix modifier. It's found that addition the solution of 0.1% Ni(NO3)2 as matrix modifier, the ash temperature will increase up to 1,000 degrees C. 600 degrees C is practically used for ash temperature. D2 lamp is used for background correction. Selenium in milk cow serums was directly determined after addition of 0.1% Ni(NO3)2 without digestion. The method is convenient to determine element in milk cow serum. The results show that the method has good precision and accuracy. The relative standard deviation of selenium. Determination was 4.9%, and the rates of recovery were 93.3%-104%.
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PMID:[Determination of trace selenium in milk cow serum with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry]. 1293 3

Inorganic nutrients can be easily recovered from ALS crop residue solid wastes by aqueous leaching. However, oven drying and milling pretreatment of these residues has been frequently required to accommodate crop scientists and facility storage limitations. As part of a research study that will compare three different bioreactor technologies for processing these wastes, we realized that different drying and size-reduction pretreatments had been utilized for each technology. This paper compares the effects of residue pretreatment on recovery of nutrients by leaching. Pretreatments included three drying methods [fresh, oven-dried (70 degrees C overnight), and freeze-dried] and two size reduction methods [chopped (2 cm length) and milled (2 mm diameter)]. Determination of mass balances (dry weight and ash content of solids) before and after leaching indicated solubilization was least for fresh residues (23% dry weight loss and 50% for ash loss), and most for freeze-dried residues (41-47% dry weight loss and nearly 100% for ash loss). Mineral recovery of major elements (NO3, PO4, K, Ca, and Mg) in leachates was poorest for fresh residues. P and K recovery in leachates were best for oven-dried residues and Ca, Mg, and N recovery best for freeze-dried residues. The differences in recovery for N, P, and K in leachates were minimal between chopping and milling and slightly better for Ca and Mg from milled residues.
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PMID:The effect of drying and size reduction pretreatments on recovery of inorganic crop nutrients from inedible wheat residues. 1463 96

The potential risk of groundwater contamination by the excessive leaching of N, P and heavy metals from soils amended at heavy loading rates of biosolids, coal ash, N-viro soil (1:1 mixture of coal ash and biosolids), yard waste compost and co-compost (3:7 mixture of biosolids to yard wastes), and by soil incorporation of green manures of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanense) was studied by collecting and analyzing leachates from pots of Krome very gravelly loam soil subjected to these treatments. The control consisted of Krome soil without any amendment. The loading rate was 205 g pot(-1) for each amendment (equivalent to 50 t ha(-1) of the dry weight), and the amounts of the cover crops incorporated into the soil in the pot were those that had been grown in it. A subtropical vegetable crop, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), was grown after the soil amendments or cover crops had been incorporated into the soil. The results showed that the concentration of NO3-N in leachate from biosolids was significantly higher than in leachate from other treatments. The levels of heavy metals found in the leachates from all amended soils were so low, as to suggest these amendments may be used without risk of leaching dangerous amounts of these toxic elements. Nevertheless the level of heavy metals in leachate from coal ash amended soil was substantially greater than in leachates from the other treatments. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, returned into the soil, increased the leachate NO3-N and inorganic P concentration significantly compared with the non-legume, sorghum sudangrass. The results suggest that at heavy loading rates of soil amendments, leaching of NO3- could be a significant concern by application of biosolids. Leaching of inorganic P can be increased significantly by both co-compost and biosolids, but decreased by coal ash and N-viro soil by virtue of improved adsorption. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, when incorporated into the soil, can cause the concentration of NO3-N to increase by about 7 fold, and that of inorganic P by about 23% over the non-legume. Regarding the metals, biosolids, N-viro soil and coal ash significantly increased Ca and Mg concentrations in leachates. Copper concentration in leachate was increased by application of biosolids, while Fe concentration in leachates was increased by biosolids, coal ash and co-compost. The concentrations of Zn, Mo and Co in leachate were increased by application of coal ash. The concentrations of heavy metals in leachates were very low and unlikely to be harmful, although they were increased significantly by coal ash application.
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PMID:Effects of soil amendments at a heavy loading rate associated with cover crops as green manures on the leaching of nutrients and heavy metals from a calcareous soil. 1464 15


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