Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0184567 (acute pain)
 3,962 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ninety percent of all low back pain can be managed successfully by the skillful and appropriate use of the major analgesic drugs, NSAIDs, and the opioids. Adjunctive drugs, such as skeletal muscle relaxants and antidepressants, have their uses, but must be considered as temporary aids to the major analgesics. There is intensive research to develop new and more useful analgesic drugs. Ketorolac tromethamine, an NSAID recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, is suitable for intramuscular administration for the short-term management of postsurgical and other acute pain.
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PMID:Management of low back pain by analgesics and adjuvant drugs. 183 Mar 65

Ketorolac tromethamine is the first injectable nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for the management of acute pain. In analgesic potency and ability to relieve postoperative pain, it is comparable to morphine. The advantages of ketorolac over opiates are the absence of respiratory depression and lack of drug abuse potential. Ketorolac has a longer duration of action than morphine, but it has less effect on the central nervous system. Ketorolac should not be used for obstetric analgesia.
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PMID:Ketorolac: an injectable NSAID. 198 89

Ketorolac tromethamine is a pyrrolo-pyrrole nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) with potent analgesic effects when administered intramuscularly for the treatment of acute pain. Ketorolac is well absorbed and has a rapid onset of action. Maximum plasma concentrations are achieved in 45-50 minutes and peak analgesic effects in about one to two hours following intramuscular injection. Ketorolac is more than 99 percent bound to plasma proteins and has a mean apparent volume of distribution of 0.11-0.25 L/kg. About 91 percent of a dose is excreted in urine, mostly as inactive metabolites, and approximately 6 percent is eliminated in feces. The elimination half-life, approximately four to six hours, increases in elderly patients and those with renal impairment. Its analgesic effectiveness was similar or superior to that of morphine, meperidine, or pentazocine in single-dose studies of patients with postoperative pain or renal colic and greater than that of placebo in patients with chronic cancer pain. The adverse effects are generally mild to moderate, self-limiting, and similar to those seen with other prostaglandin inhibitors. Ketorolac has a reversible inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. It can cause dose-related gastric ulcerations, even when administered parenterally. Ketorolac is a promising parenteral alternative to oral NSAIDs and a nonnarcotic alternative to opioid analgesics. Additional multiple-dose studies are needed to more clearly define its place in therapy.
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PMID:Ketorolac: a parenteral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. 227 36

Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol) is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) available in intramuscular (IM) and oral formulations for the management of acute pain. Intramuscular ketorolac is the only parenteral NSAID available for analgesic use in the US. The clinical profile is reviewed, and clinical studies most applicable to a postoperative patient are discussed in detail. The results of a clinical study performed at Emory University School of Medicine are presented. In this single-dose study, 176 patients received either 10 mg of oral ketorolac, 5 mg or 10 mg of IM morphine, or placebo after orthopedic surgery. The analgesic efficacy of ketorolac was comparable to both doses of morphine and significantly superior to placebo. Ketorolac, when administered intramuscularly or orally, is a safe and effective analgesic agent for the short-term management of acute postoperative pain and can be used as an alternative to opioid therapy.
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PMID:The use of ketorolac in the management of postoperative pain. 819 Jun 79

Ketorolac tromethamine has to be given every 6 hr intramuscularly in patients for acute pain, so to avoid frequent dosing and patient inconvenience we found it to be a suitable candidate for parenteral controlled delivery by biodegradable microspheres for the present study. Ketorolac tromethamine-loaded microspheres were prepared by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique using different polymers: polycaprolactone, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA 65/35), and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA 85/15). To tailor the release profile of drug for several days, blends of PLGA 65/35 and PLGA 85/15 were prepared with polycaprolactone (PCL) in different ratios. The results revealed that microspheres made with 1:3 (PLGA65/35:PCL) blend released 97% of the drug in 5 days as compared 97% in 30 days in with pure PLGA65/35 microspheres. Microspheres made with 1:1 (PLGA65/35:PCL) and 3:1 (PLGA65/35:PCL released 98% of the drug in 30 days. In microspheres made with 1:3 (PLGA85/15:PCL), almost the entire drug was released in a week whereas in batches made with pure PLGA85/15 and 3:1 (PLGA 85/15:PCL) more than 80% of the drug was released in 60 days as compared with 96% in 60 days in 1:1 (PLGA85/15:PCL). Higher encapsulation efficiency was obtained with microspheres made with pure PLGA 65/35. These formulations were characterized for particle size analysis by Malvern mastersizer that revealed particle size in range of 12-15 micron and 12-22 micron for microspheres made with polymer blends of PLGA 65/35:PCL and PLGA85/15:PCL, respectively. In pure PLGA65/35 and PLGA85/15, particle size was 28 micron and 8 micron, respectively. Surface topography was studied by scanning electron microscopy that revealed a spherical shape of microspheres. From our study it as concluded that with careful selection of different polymers and their combinations, we can tailor the release of ketorolac tromethamine for long periods.
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PMID:Formulation, characterization, and evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded biodegradable microspheres. 1602 42

Ketorolac tromethamine, a potent nonnarcotic analgesic agent and 800 times more potent than aspirin, is indicated for the short-term management of moderate to such severe painful states as post operative pain, acute musculoskeletal pain, and dental pain. It Given every 6 hr intramuscularly in patients for acute pain, to avoid frequent dosing and patient inconvenience Ketorolac from ethamine was found suitable for parenteral depot system by biodegradable microspheres for the present study. Ketorolac tromethamine-loaded microspheres were prepared by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique using different polymers viz. polycaprolactone, poly-dl-lactide (Resomer) and poly lactic acid (PLA). To tailor the release profile of drug for several days, blends of Resomer and PLA were prepared with polycaprolactone in different ratios. Higher encapsulation efficiency was obtained with microspheres made with pure Resomer. Surface topography was studied by scanning electron microscopy, which showed spherical shape of microspheres. Residual solvent analysis was carried out to determine the residual amount of dichloromethane in microspheres and the content was found within permissible limits. Differential scanning calorimetric studies also were carried out to study any drug polymer interactions. We concluded that with careful selection of different polymers and their combinations, we can tailor the release of ketorolac tromethamine for long periods.
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PMID:Development, characterization, and evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded biodegradable microspheres as a depot system for parenteral delivery. 1868 80

Ketorolac tromethamine is a potent analgesic and moderately effective anti-inflammatory drug approved for treatment of moderately severe acute pain as an intravenous/intramuscular injectable solution and an oral tablet. ROXRO PHARMA, Inc has developed an intranasal formulation, SPRIX, that delivers the drug with a similar pharmacokinetic profile to that obtained with intramuscular administration. Local tolerance and systemic toxicology studies were performed in rats and rabbits and showed that intranasal administration of SPRIX exhibits toxicity similar to that of other routes of administration and does not result in any adverse effects on the nasal passage and upper and lower respiratory system.
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PMID:A novel formulation of ketorolac tromethamine for intranasal administration: preclinical safety evaluation. 2088 57