Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0162871 (abdominal aortic aneurysm)
 8,664 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nucleotide sequence of a 3849-bp fragment of starfish mitochondrial genome was determined. The genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 3, 4, 5, and COIII, and three kinds of (tRNA(UCNSer), tRNA(His), and tRNA(AGYSer) were identified by comparing with the genes of other animal mitochondria so far elucidated. The gene arrangement of starfish mitochondrial genome was different from those of vertebrate and insect mitochondrial genomes. Comparison of the protein-encoding nucleotide sequences of starfish mitochondria with those of other animal mitochondria suggested a unique genetic code in starfish mitochondrial genome; both AGA and AGG (arginine in the universal code) code for serine, AUA (isoleucine in the universal code but methionine in most mitochondrial systems) for isoleucine, and AAA (lysine) for asparagine. It was also inferred that these AGA and AGG codons are decoded by serine tRNA(AGYSer) originally corresponding to AGC and AGU codons. This situation is similar to the case of Drosophila mitochondrial genome. Variations in the use of AGA and AGG codons were discussed on the basis of the evolution of animals and decoding capacity of various tRNA(AGYSer) species possessing different sizes of the dihydrouridine (D) arm.
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PMID:Unusual genetic codes and a novel gene structure for tRNA(AGYSer) in starfish mitochondrial DNA. 367 36

The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule of the gorilla was sequenced. The entire sequence, 16,412 nucleotides, was determined by analysis of natural (not polymerase chain reaction) restriction fragments covering the whole molecule. The sequence was established from one individual and thus nonchimeric. After comparison with the COII gene of gorilla specimens with known geographical origin, the sequence was identified as characteristic of the Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. With the exception of the NADH2 gene, all genes have a methionine start codon. The inferred start codon of NADH2 is ATT (isoleucine). The COIII, NASDH4, and cytochrome b genes are not terminated by a stop codon triplet, and the COI gene is probably terminated by an AAA triplet rather than by a regular stop codon. The great majority of genic sequences (rRNAs, peptide-coding genes, tRNAs) of the complete mtDNAs of Gorilla, Pan, and Homo show a greater similarity between Pan and Homo than between either of these genera to Gorilla. The analysis of the peptide-coding genes suggest that relative to comparison between Homo and Pan a certain degree of transition saturation has taken place in codon position 3 in comparisons between Gorilla to either Homo or Pan.
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PMID:A complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the western lowland gorilla. 867 44

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (CO) genes are involved in complex IV of the electron transport system, and dysfunction of CO genes leads to several diseases. However, no work has been reported on the codon usage pattern of these genes. We used bioinformatic methods to analyze the compositional properties and the codon usage pattern of the COI, COII, and COIII genes in fishes, birds, and mammals to understand the similarities and dissimilarities of codon usage in these genes, which gave an insight into the molecular biology of these genes. The effective number of codons (ENC) value of genes was high in different species of fishes, birds and mammals, which indicates that the codon bias of CO genes was low and the ENC values were significantly different among fishes, birds, and mammals, as revealed from the t test. The overall guanine and cytosine (GC) content in fishes, birds, and mammals was lower than 50% in all genes, indicating that the genes were AT-rich and significantly different among fishes, birds, and mammals. The TCA codon was overrepresented in fishes, birds, and mammals for the COI gene, in birds and mammals for the COII gene, but it was not overrepresented in others. Only three codons, namely CTA, CGA, and AAA, were overrepresented in all three groups for the COI, COII, and COIII genes, repectively. From the neutrality plot in fishes, birds, and mammals, it was observed that the slopes of the regression lines (regression coefficients) in the COI, COII, and COIII genes were <0.5, suggesting that natural selection played a major role, whereas mutation pressure played a minor role.
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PMID:Understanding molecular biology of codon usage in mitochondrial complex IV genes of electron transport system: Relevance to mitochondrial diseases. 3041 39