Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0162316 (iron deficiency anemia)
 3,806 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper examines whether mineral supplements are necessary for athletes, and whether these supplements will enhance performance. Macrominerals (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) and trace minerals (zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, and iron) are described. Calcium supplements are important for the health of bones. Athletes tend to have enhanced calcium status as assessed by bone mineral density, with the notable exception of female amenorrhoeic athletes. Magnesium status is adequate for most athletes, and there is no evidence that magnesium supplements can enhance performance. Phosphorus status is adequate for athletes. Phosphorus supplementation over an extended period of time can result in lowered blood calcium, however, some studies have shown that acute 'phosphate loading' will enhance performance. Athletes may have a zinc deficiency induced by poor diet and loss of zinc in sweat and urine. Limited data exist on the relationship of performance and zinc status. Widespread deficiencies in copper have not been documented, and there are no data to suggest that copper supplementation will enhance performance. There is no reason to suspect a selenium deficiency in athletes. The relationship between selenium status and performance has not been established, but selenium may play a role as an antioxidant. Because of the low intakes of chromium for the general population, there is a possibility that athletes may be deficient. Exercise may create a loss in chromium because of increased excretion into the urine. Many athletes, particularly female, are iron depleted, but true iron deficiencies are rare. Iron depletion does not affect exercise performance but iron deficiency anaemia does. Iron supplements have not been shown to enhance performance except where iron deficiency anaemia exists. In conclusion, poor diets are perhaps the main reason for any mineral deficiencies found in athletes, although in certain cases exercise could contribute to the deficiency. Mineral supplementation may be important to ensure good health, but few studies have definitively documented any beneficial effect of mineral supplementation on performance.
 ...
PMID:Minerals: exercise performance and supplementation in athletes. 189 66

Fifteen cytoplasmic erythrocyte enzyme activities were determined in patients with polycythemia vera (PV), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and a group of healthy volunteers. Among the PV patients, the erythrocyte enzyme activities were compared between 2 groups: patients treated solely with phlebotomy and patients treated with phlebotomy, Myleran (busulfan) and/or radioactive phosphorus 32P. Significant reduction in glutathione reductase activity was found in the PV group of patients. This activity was normalized by the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide. In contrast to previous reports, no other enzyme activity was found to be significantly reduced. The activities of the enzymes known to be age-dependent were significantly elevated in all the groups tested except for phosphofructokinase and 3-phosphoglycerate mutase. The former was not elevated in any of the groups studied, while the latter was elevated only in the group of patients treated with Myleran and/or 32P. It was concluded that glutathione reductase (GR) deficiency is the only acquired enzyme deficiency in our group of PV patients and that radiation and chemotherapy did not induce further reduction in the activities of any of the enzymes tested. The possible involvement of GR deficiency in the etiology of the red cell life span shortening was discussed.
 ...
PMID:Erythrocyte enzymes in polycythemia vera: a comparison to erythrocyte enzyme activities of patients with iron deficiency anemia. 309 25

A metabolic and physiological assessment was carried out in 14 patients who had undergone restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir more than six months previously. The haemoglobin was normal in all but one and plasma electrolytes and serum albumin, calcium, phosphorus, and red cell folate estimations were normal in all. Five patients had low serum iron levels of whom one had an iron deficiency anaemia. The 24 hour faecal fat output was normal in all patients and there was no case of vitamin B12 malabsorption as judged by the Schilling test, although four patients had marginally low values. These were not associated with increased bacterial counts in the faeces within the reservoir and there was no evidence to support a diagnosis of stagnant loop syndrome. Inflammation of the reservoir mucosa was, however, associated with higher counts of aerobic bacteria than in cases where inflammation was absent. Subtotal villous atrophy or inflammation was seen in biopsies of the reservoir in six patients. The mean faecal output per 24 hours was 659 +/- 259 g and the mean reservoir volume was 330 +/- 78 ml. Mean resting anal canal pressure was significantly lower in patients with a mucous leakage per anum than in those without, while manometry of the reservoir showed no alteration of pressure over a period of one hour before and after a meal. A positive rectosphincteric reflex was observed in nine patients.
 ...
PMID:Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir: a pathophysiological assessment. 726 23

One objective of this clinical trial was to determine whether calcium and phosphorus supplementation of infant formula affects the iron status of healthy full-term infants. One hundred three infants were randomly assigned to receive iron-fortified, cow milk-based infant formula (465 mg Ca and 317 mg P/L) or the same formula with added calcium glycerophosphate (1800 mg Ca and 1390 mg P/L) for 9 mo. Reported calcium intake for supplemented infants was about four times that of control infants, ranging from a mean of 1741 mg/d at baseline to 1563 mg/d at 9 mo. There was no difference by treatment group in mean or median change from baseline of serum ferritin, total-iron-binding capacity, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, or hematocrit at 4 and 9 mo after enrollment. Incidence of iron deficiency was similar for both groups and no infant developed iron deficiency anemia during the trial. This study indicates that the well-documented inhibitory effect of calcium and phosphorus on iron absorption is not clinically important in infants fed iron-fortified infant formula.
 ...
PMID:Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of iron-fortified infant formula: no effect on iron status of healthy full-term infants. 909 73

Pica (pica = magpie) is an eating disorder that is manifested by a craving for oral ingestion of a given substance that is unusual in kind (nonfood items) or quantity (food items). Pica has been described as a world wide phenomenon, but there are more frequent occurrences of selected substances among selected groups--especially young children and black pregnant and nonpregnant women in the southern part of the USA. In Central Europe and Germany this syndrome has not been described in the moderne literature. For this reason, we report a case of pica for starch associated with severe iron deficiency anemia in Germany. Iron deficiency anemia and--less often-potassium and zinc deficiency are the main complications of an excessive starch or clay ingestion, followed by gastrointestinal obstructions due to gastroliths or impaction. Additionally, naphtalene poisoning (in pica for toilet air-freshener blocks), phosphorus poisoning (in matches pica), mercury poisoning (in paper pica), and lead poisoning (in dried paint pica) have been described.
 ...
PMID:[Pica in Germany--amylophagia as the etiology of iron deficiency anemia]. 977 81

Reference ranges for clinical biochemical parameters commonly investigated in pigs were determined in one- (day 1), 21- and 35-day old piglets. The mean and standard deviation were also estimated for body weight, and haematological and clinical biochemical parameters at these ages. The piglets were divided into 2 investigation groups according to whether they had a haemoglobin concentration < or = 80 g/l ("anaemic group") or > 80 g/l ("normal group") on days 14, 21 and 28. The "anaemic group" was compared to the "normal group" on days 21 and 35. Many of the clinical biochemical parameters varied according to age. Some of the enzymes had high average values and wide reference ranges in piglets, especially on day 1, compared to the reference ranges for sows given in the literature. The reference ranges for some of the metabolic parameters were broader on day 1 than later in the preweaning period. The reference ranges for albumin, total iron-binding capacity and serum iron were, however, lower and more narrow on day 1. On days 21 and 35, relatively high values for phosphorus must be considered "normal" compared to the figures given in the literature for adult pigs. The other minerals seemed to be quite unaffected of age, but some were affected by anaemia. The anaemic piglets had lower average serum iron but higher total iron-binding capacity than the "normal" piglets on days 21 and 35. However, variation between piglets gave wide reference ranges, indicating that these parameters will only have limited usefulness in detecting iron deficiency anaemia in piglets. The electrolytes seemed also to be affected by the existence of anaemia. The body weight and leukocyte counts were significantly lower in the "anaemic group" than the "normal group" on day 35, while the greatest differences in clinical biochemical parameters between the groups were found on day 21, when the piglets in the "anaemic group" were most severely anaemic. Although these piglets suffered from severe iron-deficiency anaemia, only a few clinical biochemical parameters were affected, and the differences between groups were mostly small.
 ...
PMID:Clinical biochemistry, haematology and body weight in piglets. 978 1

As a novel approach to tackle the problems of iron deficiency anaemia and iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), which often coexist, the National Institute of Nutrition has developed iron and iodine fortified common salt (double fortified salt-DFS) as a public health measure. This salt has undergone a battery of laboratory and field tests to evaluate its feasibility for use in a national programme. The DFS is designed to provide 1 mg of iron and 15 micrograms of iodine per gram of common salt. This was made possible by the inclusion of a polyphosphate stabilizer, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) at 1 per cent level. The stability of iron and iodine was found to be good up to 6 months. However, the stability of iodine depended upon the quality of the salt used for fortification. The biological effects of long-term consumption of DFS were evaluated in experimental rats and in field trials. Both iron and iodine from the salt were found to be biologically available in regenerating haemoglobin and in increasing excretion of iodine in urine. When this salt was tested in tribal villages endemic for goitre and iron deficiency anaemia, the bioresponse was good with regard to the iodine status but was not uniform in all segments with regard to iron, probably due to confounding variables. In a study carried out in residential school children where such variables did not exist, DFS was found to have significant impact on haemoglobin status in anaemic children and improved their urinary iodine excretion. The consumption of DFS for 2 yr did not have any adverse effects in school children as well as in the tribal population. Parameters related to calcium homeostasis were not altered in children receiving DFS. Histopathological examination of tissues and radiological examination of bone did not reveal any abnormality in DFS fed rats. Similarly serum and urinary parameters related to calcium and phosphorus were not altered in DFS fed rats. Therefore, DFS is presented as a feasible and effective strategy to control the double deficiency of iron and iodine in our community.
 ...
PMID:Impact evaluation of iron & iodine fortified salt. 986 76

To establish a useful animal model of Itai-Itai disease (IID) of humans, we conducted the following experiments. Experiment 1: Toxic effects of Cd were compared between ovariectomized (OX) and non-OX rats after daily, intravenous injection of cadmium (Cd) chloride for 14 days. In this experiment, we demonstrated that OX rats were more susceptible to Cd-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity than non-OX rats. Experiment 2: OX rats were injected with Cd at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, 5 days a week, for 13 weeks. The bone Cd content was gradually increased for 13 weeks in a dose-dependent manner. Calcium and phosphorus contents in the bone and serum levels of parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin were not significantly different between Cd-treated and control rats. Mild osteomalacic lesions in the cortical bones of the midshaft haversian canals as well as chronic nephropathy appeared in the rats of the 2.0 mg/kg group. Experiment 3: OX rats were treated with Cd at doses of 0.5 and 0.05 mg/kg for 70 weeks. The rats of the 0.05 mg/kg group showed slight anemia and mild degeneration of tubular epithelium after 50 weeks of treatment. In the 0.5 mg/kg group, the rats showed definite osteomalacia of bones and nephrosclerosis. The Cd concentration in the bones increased for the first 25 weeks, but was replaced gradually with iron at from 50 to 70 weeks of the administration period. Iron deficiency anemia appeared in the 0.5 mg/kg group at from 12 to 25 weeks, and changed to renal anemia after 50 weeks of administration. The anemia at 50 and 70 weeks was normocytic and normochromic, and serum erythropoietin levels were not elevated in response to the decrease of hemoglobin concentrations of red blood cells. Experiment 4: Ten, OX cynomolgus monkeys were given intravenous injections of 0, 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg/day Cd, 2 or 3 days per week, for 13 to 15 months. Normocytic and normochromic anemia, renal lesions characterized by tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis (Cd nephropathy), and bone lesions characterized by an increase of osteoid and osteopenia (Cd osteopathy) were induced in the monkeys treated with Cd. These results demonstrated that chronic cadmium toxicosis similar to IID of humans was reproducible in rats and monkeys by repeated intravenous injection of Cd and that a disease entity closely resembling IID of humans could be induced in experimental animals by chronic Cd toxicosis without participation of malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, impaired absorption at the intestinal mucosa or multiparous birth.
 ...
PMID:Experimental reproduction of itai-itai disease, a chronic cadmium poisoning of humans, in rats and monkeys. 1092 82

There has been considerable debate regarding the nutritional benefits of pollen and the propolis produced by bees, although most contributions have lacked scientific soundness. This paper describes the possible beneficial effect of their use in pharmacological products in cases of anemic syndrome. We studied the effect of these two natural products on the digestive utilization of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, using control rats and rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. The addition of these products to the diet produced a positive effect on weight gain; this fact could constitute a scientific basis for the application of pollen and propolis as fortifiers. They improve the digestive utilization of iron and the regeneration efficiency of hemoglobin, especially during recovery from an anemic syndrome. They also have a positive effect on phosphocalcic metabolism and maintain an appropiate level of magnesium metabolism. Furthermore, in iron-deficient rats, these natural products palliate, to a large extent, the adverse effects of iron deficiency on calcium and magnesium metabolism as a result of the improvement in the digestive utilization of these minerals.
 ...
PMID:Beneficial effect of pollen and/or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. 1108 44

The aim of this study is to report how pregnancy alters hematology and clinical chemistry values in rats. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were mated; the day of copulation was designated as Day 0. Hematology and clinical chemistry measurements were conducted on Days 7, 14, 17 and 21 in pregnant rats. Measurements were also conducted in non-pregnant rats. Red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), total protein and albumin decreased on Days 7, 14, 17 and 21; sodium, chloride and glucose decreased on Days 14, 17 and 21; iron decreased on Days 17 and 21; hemoglobin content of reticulocytes (CHr), calcium, inorganic phosphorus and the albumin/globulin ratio decreased on Day 21; and total cholesterol, phospholipid and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased on Day 14 in pregnant rats compared with non-pregnant rats. Reticulocyte increased on Days 7, 14 and 17; mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, neutrophil count and rate increased on Days 14, 17 and 21; platelets, fibrinogen, triglyceride and free fatty acid increased on Days 17 and 21; and activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged on Days 17 and 21 in pregnant rats compared with non-pregnant rats. The decreased RBC, Hb, Ht, CHr and iron in pregnant rats indicated that they suffered from iron deficiency anemia. These data can be used as background information for effective evaluation in reproductive toxicology studies.
 ...
PMID:Time-course changes of hematology and clinical chemistry values in pregnant rats. 1867 Jan 70


1 2 Next >>