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Query: UMLS:C0162316 (iron deficiency anemia)
 3,806 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) have been recognized as public health problems in Honduras for over 30 years. This paper, based on the 1996 National Micronutrient Survey on 1678 children 12-71 months of age, presents the results for vitamin A status and anemia prevalence, as well as the level of vitamin A in sugar at the household level. The results showed that 14% of the children were subclinically vitamin A deficient (plasma retinol < 20 micrograms/dL) and 32% were at risk of VAD (plasma retinol 20-30 micrograms/dL). These data indicate that VAD is a moderate public health problem in Honduras. Logistic regression analysis showed that children 12-23 months old living in areas other than the rural south of the country were at greatest risk of subclinical VAD. Infection, indicated by an elevated alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein level, increased the risk of subclinical VAD more than three-fold. Children from households that obtained water from a river, stream, or lake were at twice the risk of subclinical VAD compared with other children. That same doubled risk was found for children from a household with an outside toilet. VAD can be controlled by fortifying sugar. Retinol levels in sugar at the household level were about 50% of those mandated by Honduran law. There appears to be significant leakage of unfortified sugar into the market. This is particularly true in the rural north, where 33% of samples contained no retinol. Overall, 30% of children were anemic (Hb < 11 g/dL). Logistic regression analysis showed that children whose fathers lived with them but who had not attended at least grade 4 of primary school were at 33% greater risk of being anemic. Infection and being underweight increased the risk of being anemic by 51% and 21%, respectively. Many of the anemic children had not been given iron supplements, suggesting health care providers may not be aware that anemia is widespread among young children and/or know how to diagnose it.
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PMID:Vitamin A deficiency and anemia among children 12-71 months old in Honduras. 1044 13

A study of 296 school-age Yaqui Indian children (6-10 y) was conducted in 26 rural communities. Vitamin A status was determined by retinol and carotenoid serum levels according to a method described previously (IVACG, 1982). Serum retinol and carotenoids in children were analyzed according to community size. Vitamin A intake was assessed in a sub-sample by means of a 24 h recall questionnaire. Serum retinol distribution showed that 6.3% of the children were below 10 microg/100 mL (0.35 micromol/L) and 40% were in the range of 10-20 microg/100 mL (0.35-0.70 micromol/L). Differences (p < 0.02) were found between small and large communities (Median, 95% CI): 19.2 (17.1, 20.9) microg/100 mL and 22.9 (20.3, 24.1) microg/100 mL. Serum carotenoid levels were significantly higher in large than in small and medium communities: 72 (68.2, 77.8) microg/100 mL versus 62.4 (53.3, 68.2) and 62.4 (55.7, 69.6) microg/100 mL, respectively. Food staples were wheat flour tortillas, pinto beans, corn tortillas, few animal products and scarce fresh vegetables. Mean vitamin A consumption was 244+/-29 microg RE (34.9% of the US RDA). Iron status showed that only 4 children were classified as anemic, with two of them having iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficient erythropoiesis was observed in 7.8% of the children and iron depletion only in 4.4%. The Yaqui diet seems to provide adequate amounts of iron but not of vitamin A or its precursors, which renders a vitamin A status of sub-clinical deficiency that could be considered a public health problem.
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PMID:Vitamin A deficiency and low prevalence of anemia in Yaqui Indian children in northwest Mexico. 1073 28

Many indicators of micronutrient status change during infection because of the acute phase response. In this study, relationships between the acute phase response, assessed by measuring concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and indicators of micronutrient status were analyzed in 418 infants who completed a 6-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, supplementation trial with iron, zinc and/or beta-carotene. The acute phase response, defined by raised CRP (plasma concentration >10 mg/L), raised AGP (>1.2 g/L), or both raised CRP and AGP, significantly affected indicators of iron, vitamin A and zinc status, independently of the effects of supplementation. Plasma ferritin concentrations were higher by 15.7 (raised AGP) to 21.2 (raised CRP and AGP) micro g/L in infants with elevated acute phase proteins compared with infants without acute phase response (P < 0.001). In contrast, plasma concentrations of retinol were lower by 0.07 (P < 0.05, raised AGP) to 0.12 (P < 0.01, raised CRP) micro mol/L, and of zinc lower by 1.49 (P < 0.01, raised AGP) to 1.89 (P < 0.05, raised CRP and AGP) micro mol/L. Hemoglobin concentrations and the modified relative dose response were not affected. Consequently, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was underestimated in infants with raised acute phase proteins by >15%, whereas the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was overestimated by >16% compared with infants without acute phase response. Hence, using indicators of micronutrient status without considering the effects of the acute phase response results in a distorted estimate of micronutrient deficiencies, whose extent depends on the prevalence of infection in the population.
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PMID:Estimation of the effect of the acute phase response on indicators of micronutrient status in Indonesian infants. 1236 96

Maternal malnutrition continues to be a major contributor to adverse reproductive outcomes in developing countries, despite longstanding efforts to fortify foods or to distribute medicinal supplements to pregnant women. The objective of this study was to test the effect of a micronutrient-fortified beverage containing 11 micronutrients (iron, iodine, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6 and vitamin E) on the hemoglobin, iron and vitamin A status of pregnant women in Tanzania. A group of 259 pregnant women with gestational ages of 8 to 34 wk were enrolled in a randomized double-blind controlled trial in which study women received 8 wk of supplementation. Hemoglobin, ferritin and dried blood spot retinol were measured at baseline and at the end of the supplementation period. The supplement resulted in a 4.16 g/L increase in hemoglobin concentration and a 3 micro g/L increase in ferritin and reduced the risk of anemia and iron deficiency anemia by 51 and 56%, respectively. The risk of iron deficiency was reduced by 70% among those who had iron deficiency at baseline and by 92% among those who had adequate stores. The micronutrient-fortified beverage may be a useful and convenient preventative measure, one that could help improve the nutritional status of women both before and during pregnancy and thereby help avoid some of the potential maternal and fetal consequences of micronutrient deficiencies.
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PMID:A micronutrient-fortified beverage prevents iron deficiency, reduces anemia and improves the hemoglobin concentration of pregnant Tanzanian women. 1273 Apr 20

Comparative evaluation was made on alpha(1)-microglobulin (alpha(1)-MG), beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)-MG), retinol binding protein (RBP) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), as a marker of renal tubular dysfunction after environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd), with special references to the effects of aging and correction for creatinine concentration. For this purpose, a previously established database of 817 never-smoking Japanese women (at the ages of 20 to 74 years) on hematological [hemoglobin, serum ferritin (FE), etc.] and urinary parameters [alpha(1)-MG, beta(2)-MG, creatinine (cr), and a specific gravity] was revisited. For the present analysis, the database was supplemented by the data on RBP and NAG in urine. The exposure of the women to Cd was such that the geometric mean Cd in urine was 1.3 microg/g cr. Among the four tubular dysfunction markers, NAG showed the closest correlation with Cd, followed by alpha(1)-MG and then beta(2)-MG, and RBP was least so although the correlations were all statistically significant. The observed values of the markers gave the best results, whereas correction for a urine specific gravity gave poorer correlation, and it was the worst when correction for creatinine concentration was applied. Age was the most influential confounding factor. The effect of age appeared to be attributable at least in part to the fact that both creatinine and, to a lesser extent, the specific gravity decreased as a function of age. Iron deficiency anemia of sub-clinical degree as observed among the women did not affect any of the four tubular dysfunction markers. In conclusion, NAG and alpha(1)-MG, rather beta(2)-MG or RBP, are more sensitive to detect Cd-induced tubular dysfunction in mass screening. The use of uncorrected observed values of the markers rather than traditional creatinine-corrected values is recommended when comparison covers people of a wide range of ages.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of four urinary tubular dysfunction markers, with special references to the effects of aging and correction for creatinine concentration. 1284 88

Iron deficiency anemia has been associated with alterations in child development and psychomotor function, being myelination and dopaminergic functioning especially vulnerable. Iron deficiency, at different ages, has different reversible and irreversible effects on CNS. Anemia has also been related to vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and growth retardation. The aim of the present paper was to determine the coexistence of micronutrient deficiency, iron and vitamin A, and macronutrient deficiency (growth retardation). The sample consisted of 202 Venezuelan children, aged 24-84 month old, (104 girls, 98 boys); Anemia, VAD and growth retardation was evaluated by means of blood hemoglobin concentration analysis, HPLC serum retinol (values <20 microg/dl reveal VAD) and height/age and weight/age Z scores (< or = - 2 SD express stunting and underweight). Prevalence of anemia was 38.11%; VAD, 21.78%; stunting, 14.36% and underweight, 9.40%. Anemia and VAD clustered in 7.92%; anemia + stunting or + underweight coexisted in 5.94% and 2.97%, respectively. Stunting and underweight clustered with VAD in 2.97% and 1.48%. The three-way combination with anemia was only seen with stunting in 0.99% of the sample. The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies remain as significant public health problems which should be simultaneously treated as virtually independent, giving priority to infant, toddler and preschool age groups.
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PMID:Co-existence of anemia, vitamin A deficiency and growth retardation among children 24-84 months old in Maracaibo, Venezuela. 1527 97

Five cross-sectional surveys were conducted in African refugee camps to assess the level of iron deficiency anemia and vitamin A deficiency in populations dependent on long-term international food aid and humanitarian assistance. The prevalence of anemia in children [hemoglobin (Hb) <110 g/L] was high, with >60% affected in 3 of 5 camps. Iron deficiency [serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) >8.5 mg/L] was also high, ranging from 23 to 75%; there was also a strong ecological correlation between the prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia among different camps. Within camps, sTfR predicted the concentration of Hb with adjusted R(2) values ranging from 0.19 to 0.51. Although children were more affected, anemia was also a public health problem in adolescents and women. The effect of recent recommendations on Hb cutoff values for African populations was assessed and found to produce decreases in the prevalence of anemia of between 5 and 21%; this did not affect the public health categorization of the anemia problem within the most affected camps. Mean serum retinol in children, after adjustment for infection status, ranged from 0.72 +/- 0.2 to 0.88 +/- 0.2 micromol/L in the 4 camps assessed and vitamin A deficiency (<0.7 micromol/L) was present at levels ranging from 20.5 to 61.7%. In areas in which vitamin A capsule distribution programs were in effect, coverage ranged from 3.5 up to 66.2%. The high level of micronutrient deficiencies seen in long-term refugees argues in favor of further enhancements in food aid fortification and the strengthening of nutrition and public health programs.
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PMID:Iron and vitamin A deficiency in long-term African refugees. 1579 39

This paper reviews the process of developing the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and provides a synopsis of the micronutrient status of women worldwide. At a 1993 symposium held by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), it was decided that the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) would be replaced by the DRIs, which would address several issues that the RDAs did not, including chronic disease risk reduction, upper levels for nutrients where toxicity data existed, and the possible health benefits of some food components that did not meet the traditional definition of a nutrient. Another important distinction is that because the DRIs are comprised of 4 reference values -the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), RDA, Adequate Intake (AI), and a tolerable Upper Level (UL) -and not a single reference value like the previous RDAs, they could be used to differentiate planning from diagnosis or assessment. The latest DRIs and nutrient intakes are shown for iron, zinc, calcium, Vitamin A and folate status in women in the United States. Data on the micronutrient status of women globally are much more limited. Summary statistics on iron deficiency anemia, night blindness, and risk of zinc deficiency are summarized.
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PMID:Dietary Reference Intakes: development and uses for assessment of micronutrient status of women--a global perspective. 1588 51

A comparative study on the nutritional status of primiparous and multiparous women in the first trimester of pregnancy was conducted in the northeastern province of Thailand, Khon Kaen, to investigate differences in protein-energy-malnutrition, iron deficiency anaemia, vitamin A deficiency and carotenoid status between both parity groups. 94 subjects were recruited at first attendance of antenatal clinic. Data about weight, height, haemoglobin and haematocrit were obtained from hospital records. Anthropometric measurements of mid-upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold were done on a sub sample. Retinol, carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol were analysed using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. Ferritin, transthyretin and retinol-binding protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primiparous women showed lower body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, corrected arm muscle area (P<0.001) as well as lower retinol, cholesterol and triceps skinfold (P<0.05). After adjusting for age and socio-economical status the significant difference persisted for all parameters but triceps skinfold. No significant differences of alpha-tocopherol, serum proteins, carotenoids and iron indices could be observed, even though a tendency to higher values for ferritin, haemoglobin and haematocrit was shown in multiparous women. Prevalence of protein-energy-malnutrition (body mass index <18.5 kg/m2) in the primiparous group was significantly higher compared to the multiparous group (P<0.05). Prevalence of protein-energy-malnutrition, iron deficiency anaemia and vitamin A deficiency were 15.1%,6.3% and 3.3%, respectively, in the total study population. No differences between parity groups could be observed for prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia and vitamin A deficiency.
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PMID:Nutritional status of pregnant women in Northeast Thailand. 1683 24

The study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency in preschool children in rural Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was done on eight randomly-selected sub-districts of rural Bangladesh. Children (n=1,302) aged 2-6 years were studied. Families of 43% of the study participants had a monthly household expenditure of US$ 60 or less. Fifty-six percent of the children were underweight, and 17% were severely underweight; 18% were wasted, and 1% were severely wasted; and 45% were stunted while 20% were severely stunted. The mean+/-SD serum retinol of the children was1.0+/-0.4 micromol/l, and 3% of them had serum retinol levels of <0.35 micromol/l, about one-fifth (20%) had a serum retinol level of <0.70 micromol/l and 55% had serum retinol levels of <1.05 pmol/l. The mean hemoglobin concentration of the children was 110+/-11 g/l, and 48% had a Hb of <11 g/l signifying anemia in this age group. Thirty-one percent (31 %) of children had low serum ferritin (<12 microg/l), and 14% had elevated CRP (> or = 15 mg/l) indicating the presence of a sub-clinical infection. Male and female children had similar nutritional status and biochemical profiles although boys tended to be heavier than girls (p=0.013). The proportion of children with anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) declined significantly (p<0.001) with advancing age. Five percent of the study children had IDA and concomitant low serum retinol. The proportion of children with IDA and serum retinol also declined significantly with increasing age from 8% in children aged 35 months or younger, to 3% in children aged 60 months and more (p=0.025). Results of our study clearly demonstrated the public health importance of anemia and vitamin A deficiency among children of rural Bangladesh.
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PMID:Childhood anemia and vitamin a deficiency in rural Bangladesh. 1712 5


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