Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0162316 (iron deficiency anemia)
 3,806 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The beneficial effects of combined estrogen-progestin-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) include prevention of pregnancy (less than 1 failure out of 100 regular users); the prevention of ectopic pregnancy; the reduction of preeclampsia (2.4 times lower risk compared with barrier methods); and reduction of pelvic inflammation to about one-half. The effects on menstruation include the reduction of sideropenic anemia (by lowering the incidence and duration of menstruation, OCs reduce the loss of iron to 50% or to as much as 33%); dysmenorrhea by 40% (symptoms receded in 90% of users); and premenstrual syndrome by 30%. OCs exert a favorable effect on menstrual epilepsy; reduce sports-related accidents in the premenstrual and menstrual periods; and reduce intermenstrual bleeding. The protection from cancer includes the lowering of endometrial cancer risk (every 2 years of use reduces the risk by 38%, 12 years of use by 70%, and the beneficial effects last 3-15 years); reduction of the risk of the ovarian cancer (already 3-6 months of use reduces the risk by 30%, and more than 5 years by 50% in women under 50 years of age with a longterm effect of 10 years or more, which drops sharply in women over 60 who are mostly at risk). Among other beneficial effects, they reduce benign mastopathy by 50-75%; reduce the risk of follicular ovarian cysts to 50% and the risk of corpus luteal ovarian cysts to 1/5; and they lessen bone loss which favorably affects osteoporosis. Low-dose OCs minimize the well-known risks of thrombotic and cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, hypertension, altered carbohydrate metabolism, gallbladder diseases, and liver cancer. A new OC with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol was tested with daily doses of 150 mcg of desogestrel. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) either increased or did not change with desogestrel: the HDL2 subfraction that protects from atherosclerosis did not change, and probably the HDL3 raised the HDL level.
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PMID:[Favorable effects of oral estrogen-progestin contraception]. 181 41

An obese 28-year old woman presented at the Royal Victoria Hospital on February 23, 1978 because of upper abdominal pain of 2 days duration. The patient had previously given birth 10 years ago and had since been taking an oral contraceptive (OC) containing 0.25 mg d-norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol (Ovral). She had iron deficiency anemia at age 12, smoked 3 packs of cigarettes/week, rarely consumed alcoholic beverages and was not under any medication. Physical and laboratory examinations revealed a large liver tumor. Angiography and needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). Resection was not indicated because of the size of the tumor. OCs were discontinued. Tubal ligation was performed 2 months later as the patient desired no further pregnancies. Complete regression of the tumor over a 12-month period was confirmed by subsequent scintiscans. This case shows that even large HCAs can regress completely with no therapy other than OC withdrawal, confirming the suggestions of others that simple observation after OC withdrawal may be preferable to resection in minimally symptomatic HCAs. A frequent histologic finding both in OC-associated HCA and in normal liver surrounding HCAs is marked sinusoidal dilatation, which suggests a general effect of estrogen therapy. Further studies should be done to determine the mechanisms by which OCs produce these changes and to define their clinical importance. The role of radionuclide imaging techniques, percutaneous liver biopsy, and angiography in the diagnosis of HCAs are very briefly described.
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PMID:Complete regression of hepatocellular adenoma after withdrawal of oral contraceptives. 627 17

Women throughout the world and throughout time have ingested substances such as mercury, diluted copper ore, and various noxious solutions in the mistaken belief that these substances would prevent pregnancy. The era of modern contraception began in 1937 with the discovery that the administration of progesterone could halt ovulation in rabbits. During the next decade, work proceeded on finding an easy and less expensive way to synthesize progesterone and to develop the synthetic estrogens mestranol and ethinyl estradiol. Initial trials in humans proved that these hormones could prevent ovulation. In 1950, with support from Margaret Sanger and Katharine Dexter McCormick, Gregory Goodwin Pincus developed the first oral contraceptive (OC), which consisted of supplemental progestin and 0.5 mg norethindrone. In the early 1990s, the Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation introduced an OC that combined the synthetic progesterone norgestimate and 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. By 1988, several noncontracepting health benefits of the OC were recognized, including decreased rates of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, benign breast disease, iron deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea. These health benefits outweigh risks even in nonsmoking women over 40. In the US, 80% of women have used the OC at one time, and they are using this most popular form of reversible contraception longer than ever.
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PMID:A history of oral contraception: from evolution to revolution. 767 Apr 17

Oral contraceptives (OCs) were first introduced more than 30 years ago. OC manufacturers have reduced the dosage of synthetic estrogens (e.g., ethinyl estradiol, 100-150 mcg to 20-35 mcg) and progestins to limit their metabolic effects on lipoproteins, carbohydrates, and hemostasis. In addition to protection from pregnancy, OC benefits include lower incidence of painful periods, excessive bleeding, and iron deficiency anemia; reduction of ovarian cysts, benign breast tumors, and pelvic inflammatory disease; and protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers. The risk of a cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, venous thromboembolism, and deep vein thrombophlebitis) in OC users is 1-2/100,000 women years. Cardiovascular risk factors include smoking, hypertension, lipid disorders, severe obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular events in first degree relatives before age 40. Thus, women with any of these risk factors should not use OCs. OCs do not increase the risk of breast cancer in women less than 59 years old. They may increase this risk if used over a long duration before the first fullterm pregnancy. OCs may cause a modest increase in cervical neoplasia. Low-dose OCs have a small effect on lipid metabolism. OCs increase serum triglycerides 30-50%. OCs increase insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia increases the cardiovascular risk. Practitioners should evaluate clients before prescribing OCs. They should not prescribe OCs to women with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders, gynecological cancers, and previous cardiovascular disorders. Practitioners should tell clients that smoking is a leading risk factor and about OC's side effects (e.g., menstrual disturbances). The physical exam should include a cervical PAP smear, gynecological exam of the uterus and the ovaries, and a breast exam. Practitioners should test cholesterol and triglycerides before and during OC use. Premenopausal healthy women with no risk factors can use low-dose OCs.
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PMID:Update on oral contraception. 836 2

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by recurrent epistaxis and telangiectasia of the skin and mucous membranes. Most reports of HHT are from Europe and N. America. In this report of 7 patients from India we postulate that increased skin pigmentation in Asians and Negroids masks the cutaneous manifestations of the disease but without any discernible effect on mucosal lesions. The median hemoglobin value in these patients was 4 g/dl. Endoscopic lesions in the stomach or duodenum were detected in six patients. Most patients in our report (5/7) presented with a chronic iron deficiency anaemia. The treatment of HHT is mainly supportive although our preliminary data shows that low dose ethinyl estradiol therapy decreases transfusion requirement in these patients.
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PMID:Clinical and endoscopic features of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease) in India. 869 84

Angiodysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hematochezia, gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin, and chronic iron deficiency anemia. Although the current medical literature lacks well-designed studies of the various therapeutic modalities, several conclusions appear warranted. Diagnosis of the bleeding site during colonoscopy and the use of endoscopic hemostasis techniques (electrocautery or laser) controls bleeding and may prevent rebleeding. When rebleeding occurs, it may be from the previously treated site or a different location. Estrogen-progestin therapy has not been shown effective in controlled trials but is used when other options fail. Surgery should be considered only when endoscopic therapy fails and the site of bleeding is localized. With all therapies, patients should be cautioned regarding the risk of recurrent bleeding.
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PMID:Bleeding Angiodysplasia of the Colon. 1200 17