Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0162275 (ketonuria)
 553 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The increase in the use of selective beta 2 agonists as first-choice agents in the therapy of asthma has resulted in a concomitant increase in overdoses and other therapeutic misadventures. This case describes a 22-month-old child who ingested a large overdose of albuterol, resulting in an acute syndrome consisting of agitation, tremulousness, marked hyperglycemia of > 320 mg/dl (17.8 mmol/L), ketonuria, and hypokalemia. Such toxicity has generally been reported only in diabetics or pregnant patients. These findings and a brief review of the pharmacology and toxicology of beta 2 agonists are detailed, with special emphasis on the differential diagnosis of overdoses characterized by hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, agitation, and tremulousness. A system of ordering the relative toxicity of these (and other) drugs is proffered using the exposure-case fatality rate (ECFR) as a crude measure of clinical toxicity (while delineating its shortcomings). Applying the ECFR (using American Association of Poison Control Centers' data base) to beta 2 agonist overdoses indicates that the resulting clinical syndrome, while troublesome, generally results in a benign outcome.
 ...
PMID:Albuterol overdose: a case report and differential diagnosis. 140 77

Severe ketonuria developed during sedation with propofol in a 12 year old girl with brain injury. Deep sedation with propofol (5.1 mg/kg/h) was required because of agitation and severe intracranial hypertension; as a part of our management protocol, glucose intake was restricted to 5 Kcal/h. After 18 hours of propofol infusion there was intense ketonuria (8+ by Ketostix) without any evidence of metabolic acidosis (pH, HCO3- and anion gap were within normal values). At this time, indirect calorimetry (Deltatrac) confirmed that energy expenditure was principally based on fat consumption (70% of energy expenditure). Lowering the propofol infusion rate and increasing glucose intake reduced fat consumption to 39% within 8 hours: at this time, Ketostix was negative for ketone bodies. This case illustrates a potential risk of ketonuria during prolonged sedation with propofol (a 10% solution of intralipid), particularly if glucose intake is restricted. Monitoring urinary ketone bodies is recommended under these circumstances.
 ...
PMID:Massive ketonuria during sedation with propofol in a 12 year old girl with severe head trauma. 820 21

Of the problems that complicate child-bearing, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), or severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), is likely one of the most painful with unrelenting retching and vomiting that can lead to measurable injuries such as Mallory-Weiss Syndrome and esophageal rupture, and/or subtle maternal cognitive impairments related to starvation and dehydration. Recognized hallmarks of HG include dehydration, ketonuria, weight loss over 5%, and electrolyte abnormalities not attributable to other causes. Historically providers regarded the hyperemetic as a difficult to treat patient with potentially underlying psychological problems. Sick patients who experience pain and suffering present challenges to care, not excepting NVP. Ill patients can be demanding and agitated. Agitation can be one of the early signs of delirium or altered mental status (AMS). AMS can include previously diagnosed psychiatric conditions as well as new onset of Wernicke's encephalopathy, deliria, insomnia, hallucinations and autoscopy, resulting from various etiologies including and not limited to medications, pain including pain from hunger, vomiting and retching, constipation, dehydration, altered electrolytes, hypoglycemia, malnutrition and sleep deprivation. AMS may have a subtle waxing and waning trajectory, making the condition difficult to diagnosis in early stages. What have not been well elucidated in AMS are subjective images and/or experiences. Whether all AMS experiences are similar is unknown. We believe there may be a transient alteration of cognitive status or "altered sensorium gestosis" (ASG), attributed to the direct insults of hyperemesis gravidarum which will be discussed herein. How prevalent ASG might be is unknown and needs further investigation.
...
PMID:Hyperemesis gravidarum: a case of starvation and altered sensorium gestosis (ASG). 2461 34

The varied clinical manifestations and management of 14 male patients with delirium tremens (DT) have been studied. Eight patients were initially hospitalised for diseases unrelated to ethanol abuse i.e. 2 each for gun shot wound, myocardial infarction and stroke, and one each for pneumonia and gastroenteritis. One patient was going through withdrawal because of prodrome of viral hepatitis before he was hospitalised for uncontrolled agitation and delirium. Two known cases of mild essential hypertension on dietary therapy reported for agitation, abnormal behaviour, a single episode of tonic clonic seizure and hypertensive encephalopathy as they could not/did not get alcohol for 3 days. Three patients presented denovo with DT without concomitant illness. The other features besides delirium and hallucinations were tremulousness in 10, tachycardia in 12, fever in 3, diaphoresis in 2 and tonic clonic seizures in 4 patients. The symptoms fluctuated markedly at short intervals and 2 patients did not have any features of sympathetic overactivity. Altered hepatic biochemical parameters and ketonuria with normal blood sugar were noted in 4 and one patients respectively. Other biochemical parameters including serum electrolytes were normal. CT scan brain done for 5 patients revealed subdural haematoma in one. Cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) and EEG findings were noncontributory. All made good recovery with heavy doses of intravenous vitamin B complex, glucose and oral benzodiazepine. Short course of haloperidol was used in 2 patients. Two patients developed pancreatitis during follow up. All patients made complete recovery, and 8 patients have been followed for 8 to 12 months without relapse. The reason for hospitalisation in such cases is often unrelated to alcohol abuse; hence a detailed history of alcoholism is mandatory to identify those at risk as well as for prompt treatment and decreasing the mortality.
...
PMID:Delirium Tremens. 2740 72