Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Milks from commercial dairy herds in Southeastern Pennsylvania were analyzed for total protein, casein, whey protein, beta-lactoglobulin, nonprotein nitrogen, and lactose contents. Data for fat contents and milk yields were from Dairy Herd Improvement Association records for the same lactation. Milk samples were from a single milking of healthy cows (151) in midlactation. Since the remainder of the milk was returned to the bulk milk of the farm, the data represent market milk composition. The data were grouped and analyzed by breed and beta-lactoglobulin phenotype; there were 18 to 33 cows per breed. In true protein percentage, the breeds ranked: Jersey 4.07 plus or minus .49, Brown Swiss 3.84 plus or minus .47, Guernsey 3.56 plus or minus .53, Ayrshire 3.30 plus or minus .52, Milking Shorthorn 3.17 plus or minus .47, Holstein 3.07 plus or minus .43. Breeds differed in all other components and in milk yield. Brown Swiss ranked highest in yield of protein. Only whey protein and beta-lactoglobulin contents were influenced by the beta-lactoglobulin genotype with beta-lactoglobulin A greater than AB greater than B in whey protein content.
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PMID:Composition of milks of dairy cattle. I. Protein, lactose, and fat contents and distribution of protein fraction. 114 80

The course of browning was more rapid in mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters with casein that in those of the same lipids with formaldehyde-treated casein or with an inert inorganic substrate (barium sulphate or sodium sulphate). On the contrary, the content of oxidation products (peroxides and aldehydes) was much higher in lipids mixed with formaldehydetreated casein or with inorganic substrates. The results obtained with albumin were similar. The ratio of red to yellow pigments was higher in mixtures with non-treated casein than in the other two investigated reaction mistures. Brown pigments contained only low per centages of nitrogen.
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PMID:Nonenzymic browning. XI. Effect of free amino groups on browning reactions in lipid-protein mixtures. 114 20

Brown fat mitochondria have [3H]casein-hydrolyzing activity at pH 8.0 associated with both membrane and soluble fractions. An ATP-stimulated proteolytic activity inhibited by vanadate and N-ethylmaleimide was found in the soluble fraction. Membrane-associated proteolytic activity was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and trypsin inhibitor, suggesting that it is a serine protease. A 24-h fast in mice caused a significant loss of mitochondrial proteins from the tissue, but had no effect on protease activity of isolated mitochondria with or without ATP. The ATP-stimulated release of amino acids or peptides from isolated mitochondria, as measured with fluorescamine, was not influenced by food deprivation. Thus, brown fat mitochondria possess an ATP-stimulated proteolytic pathway that does not appear to be involved in the bulk removal of mitochondrial proteins from brown fat of fasting mice.
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PMID:ATP-stimulated protease activity in brown fat mitochondria: response to a 24-h fast in mice. 148 53

Bovine adrenal cortex contains a high molecular weight casein kinase II-like enzyme (Mr 500,000) that phosphorylates a specific serine residue in the cytoplasmic domain of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (Kishimoto, A., Brown, M. S., Slaughter, C. A., and Goldstein, J. L. (1987) J Biol. Chem. 262, 1344-1351). In the current paper, we provide evidence to suggest that this 500-kDa kinase can be dissociated into two subunits, a catalytic subunit and an activator subunit, by treatment with 1 M NaCl. The catalytic subunit was purified to homogeneity (greater than 100,000-fold) using affinity chromatography on GTP-agarose plus several other chromatography steps. It had an Mr of 50,000 by gel filtration and 35,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The catalytic subunit phosphorylated casein actively, but it phosphorylated the LDL receptor with only low affinity. The affinity for the LDL receptor was increased 10-fold (saturation at 10 nM LDL receptor) by addition of a second protein that was released from a high molecular weight 500-kDa complex by 1 M NaCl. This activator protein (Mr 120,000 by gel filtration) was extremely heat stable but was destroyed by trypsin. It appeared to be required in stoichiometric amounts with relation to the LDL receptor. It did not increase the ability of the 50-kDa subunit to phosphorylate casein nor did it activate phosphorylation of the LDL receptor or casein by classic casein kinase II. The current data raise the possibility that the specificity of the 500-kDa LDL receptor kinase is attributable to a heat-stable activator subunit that binds to the LDL receptor and thereby renders it a better substrate for the catalytic subunit of the kinase.
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PMID:Purification of catalytic subunit of low density lipoprotein receptor kinase and identification of heat-stable activator protein. 359 14

To detect the response of different strains of rats to an hypercholesterolemic diet, 9 different strains of male rats were fed successively a control diet (C) containing 20% casein for 4 weeks, then a high-protein, cholesterol-rich diet (HC) containing 50% casein and 1.2% cholesterol for 12 weeks. When the rats were fed the control diet, the highest cholesterolemia was found in the LOU strain and the lowest in the WAG and Brown-Norway (BN) strains. The latter strain had the highest free to esterified cholesterol ratio and showed a marked band in beta position (LDL) on agarose gel electrophoresis. Administration of the HC diet induced an increase of cholesterolemia in all the strains except in Fisher (FIS) and LOU. This hypercholesterolemic diet decreased the free to esterified cholesterol ratio only in the BN and FIS strains. On agarose gel, all the strains showed a highly increased band in pre-beta position (VLDL). On polyacrylamide gel, a single, tight band in HDL position was revealed in the BN strain, while a large band or two bands were seen in the other strains. The percentages of some apoproteins in serum total lipoproteins were determined in rats fed the HC diet; the apoprotein E level was inversely correlated to the difference between the cholesterolemia of the rats given the HC and C diets (r = - 0.72; P less than 0.05). So, the BN rats had the lowest apo E level with the highest cholesterolemia increase due to the HC diet.
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PMID:Effect of an hypercholesterolemic diet on the level of several serum lipids and apolipoproteins in nine rat strains. 368 15

The protective effect of dietary protein restriction on the development and expression of immune-mediated interstitial nephritis was evaluated in Brown Norway rats with anti-tubular basement membrane disease. In the first series of experiments, pair-fed rats received low protein (LP) (3% casein) or normal protein (NP) (27% casein), normocaloric diets. After 6 wk, each group was immunized with renal tubular antigen in adjuvant to produce anti-tubular basement membrane antibody (alpha TBM-Ab) and tubulointerstitial nephritis. The kidneys harvested from NP rats after four more weeks on the diet had histologically more severe interstitial disease than the LP rats (histologic severity; NP = 3.1 +/- 0.2 vs. LP = 1.1 +/- 0.3; P less than 0.001), and serum creatinine values were concordantly different (NP = 1.34 +/- 0.02 vs. LP = 0.82 +/- 0.03). Titers of alpha TBM-Ab were similar in both groups, while the T cell-mediated immune response, as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), was nonspecifically impaired in LP rats when compared with the NP group. Admixture cotransfers of LP plus NP cells failed to demonstrate active suppression as an explanation for the depressed DTH in LP rats. The therapeutic role of dietary protein restriction was also examined in rats with established alpha TBM disease. In these experiments, rats were first immunized and fed NP diets for 4 wk (histologic severity = 3.0 +/- 0.2; creatinine = 1.78 +/- 0.02), and then were divided into two groups and followed for six more weeks on either LP or NP diets. LP rats, under these conditions, developed less disease than those fed NP diet (histologic severity; NP = 3.2 +/- 0.3 vs. LP = 1.4 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.001), and serum creatinine values were concordantly different (NP = 1.92 +/- 0.05 vs. LP = 0.97 +/- 0.02). Again, the titers of alpha TBM-Ab in both LP and NP groups were similar. These data collectively suggest that LP diet has a protective effect both on the development and extent of tubulointerstitial nephritis that is perhaps, in part, related to the selective abrogation of effector T cell immunity.
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PMID:Inhibitory role of dietary protein restriction on the development and expression of immune-mediated antitubular basement membrane-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis in rats. 404 36

To determine the requirement of thyroid hormones for the expression of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in the protein-malnourished rat, groups of male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were thyroidectomized (Tx) or left surgically intact, and fed isoenergetic diets containing normal (22%, control) or decreased (8%, protein malnourished, PM) casein for 8 weeks postweaning. Half the Tx rats of either group received thyroxine (T4) replacement. Weight gains were least in PM-Tx rats, intermediate in control-Tx, PM and PM-Tx + T4, and greatest in control and control-Tx + T4 groups. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) weight and brown adipocyte diameter were similar in control and PM rats and were greater in both Tx groups. Brown adipocyte diameter was normal but IBAT greater in both Tx + T4 groups. Both resting (ROC) and minimal (MOC) oxygen consumptions were increased in PM rats after 7 weeks, but the differences between ROC and MOC were similar in both dietary groups. MOC and ROC were decreased following Tx and became normalized in both Tx groups with T4. The effects of norepinephrine (100 micrograms/kg body weight, s.c.) on MOC were markedly reduced in both Tx groups and were normal after T4 replacement. These observations indicate that the increased thermogenesis observed in the protein-deficient rat is due to a thyroid-dependent increase in MOC, and that the thyroid hormones are required for the sympathetic-dependent component of DIT and total thermogenesis in the protein-malnourished rat model.
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PMID:Thermogenesis in thyroidectomized, protein-malnourished rats. 650 79

The ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to hydrolyze and excrete cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester droplets was studied. The macrophages were loaded with cholesteryl esters by incubation with acetylated low density lipoprotein (acetyl-LDL), which is internalized by adsorptive endocytosis. The cholesteryl esters of acetyl-LDL are hydrolyzed within lysosomes and the liberated cholesterol is re-esterified in the cytoplasm where it accumulates as cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester droplets. Hydrolysis and excretion of these stored cholesteryl esters were quantified by gas-liquid chromatographic measurement of the content of free and esterified cholesterol in cells and in medium. After removal of acetyl-LDL from the culture medium, the cytoplasmic cholesteryl esters were rapidly hydrolyzed and large amounts of free cholesterol were excreted from the cells. Hydrolysis and excretion required a cholesterol acceptor in the culture medium. The following agents were shown to be effective as cholesterol acceptors: high density lipoprotein (HDL), whole serum, the density > 1.215 g/ml fraction of whole serum, intact erythrocytes, casein, and thyroglobulin. The following agents did not promote the hydrolysis and excretion of cholesteryl esters under these experimental conditions: LDL, serum albumin, serum gamma-globulins, and phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin liposomes. The results indicate that net hydrolysis of cytoplasmic cholesteryl esters in macrophages is coupled to the process of cholesterol excretion and that net hydrolysis does not occur unless an effective cholesterol acceptor is present in the culture medium.-Ho, Y. K., M. S. Brown, and J. L. Goldstein. Hydrolysis and excretion of cytoplasmic cholesteryl esters by macrophages: stimulation by high density lipoprotein and other agents.
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PMID:Hydrolysis and excretion of cytoplasmic cholesteryl esters by macrophages: stimulation by high density lipoprotein and other agents. 738 31

Effects of casein haplotypes and beta-lactoglobulin (LG) genotypes on milk protein fractions and on daughter yield deviations for milk performance traits were estimated from a daughter design. Offspring of seven Swiss Brown sires with the haplotypes B-A-B-A and B-A-B-B for alpha s1-, alpha s2-, beta-, and kappa-caseins were selected. The milk of daughter groups with paternal haplotype B-A-B-A was associated with lower casein content and higher whey protein content compared with B-A-B-B. Because of these contrary effects, the true protein content was not affected by the paternal haplotypes. The effects of maternal haplotypes were significant on true protein and casein content but not on whey protein content. The beta-LG genotypes had highly significant effects on casein and whey protein content. The effect of beta-LG BB was positive on casein and negative on whey protein content compared with beta-LG AA; the effect of beta-LG AB was intermediate. No significant effects of paternal haplotypes were found for daughter yield deviation on kilograms of milk, fat, and protein or percentages of fat and protein. The effects of the beta-LG genotypes were, independent of the parental haplotypes, close to significant on daughter yield deviation for percentage of protein. The beta-LG BB tended to be associated with a higher protein content compared with beta-LG AA. The effects for beta-LG genotypes showed additive gene effects. The analysis of paternal haplotypes within sires revealed a contrary effect of haplotypes for two of the seven sires for casein content. The paternal haplotypes within sire showed, although not significant, that haplotypes of the two sires had a contrary effect on daughter yield deviation for percentage of protein as well.
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PMID:Associations between casein haplotypes and milk production traits of Swiss Brown cattle. 1087 6

The aim of this research was to study the effects of the CSN1A(G) allele on the main rennet coagulation properties of milk. The study was carried out on individual milk samples with low alphas1-casein obtained from 19 Italian Brown cows heterozygous for the CSN1A(G) allele (seventeen CSN1A BG and two CSN1A CG) from four herds in the province of Parma (Italy). Control cows (sixteen CSN1A BB and three CSN1A BC) giving milk with normal alphas1-casein levels were chosen from within the same herds in order to establish pairs of cows with identical environment and management conditions, and comparable lactation stages and numbers. Individual milk samples from single pairs of cows with somatic cell counts and lactose and chloride levels within the normal ranges were collected and analysed in parallel. Rennet coagulation properties of milk were analysed using Formagraph and Gel Tester. Milk from low alphas1-casein cows was characterized by lower casein content, lower titratable acidity and a higher proportion of kappa-casein in total casein. The clotting time of this milk was approximately 23% lower than that obtained with milk from normal alphas1-casein cows. Rennet curd from low alphas1-casein milk was obtained more rapidly and had a higher final firmness: curd-firming time was approximately 35% lower and curd firmness measured 30 min after rennet addition was approximately 27% higher compared with that for normal alphas1-casein milk. In addition, curd from low alphas1-casein milk had a higher resistance to compression. These results suggest that, although a role for the CSN2 locus cannot be definitely excluded, the CSN1A(G) allele can considerably affect the main rennet coagulation properties of milk.
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PMID:Effects of the CSN1A(G) allele on the clotting time of cow milk and on the rheological properties of rennet-curd. 1128 70


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