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 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patterns of parent-child interaction and family functioning were systematically examined in well-matched groups of 15 autistic and 14 dysphasic children. The measures used included the Douglas 24-hour standard day analysis, the Brown and Rutter interview measure of positive interaction, the Ittleson scales (based on a four- to six-hour period of home observation, specially developed time-sampled measures of observed mother-child interaction at home), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The findings from all measures agreed in showing that family life and interaction patterns were closely similar in the two groups. The results were compared with those of previous investigations; we concluded that autism is most unlikely to be due to abnormal psychogenic influences in the family.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Jun
PMID:Families of autistic and dysphasic children. I. Family life and interaction patterns. 44 21

The sensoty attributes of to-be-remembered (TBR) events and of distractor stimuli were systematically manipulated (both within and between modalities) in two Brown-Peterson tasks [experiments 1 (N = 40 male and female university students or faculty) and 2 (N - 22 male and female undergraduates)] and in a delayed recognition task (Experiment 1). Performance on these recall and recognition tasks (in which the semantic attributes of the TBR events were relatively controlled) was consistent with episodic theory. Memory of an event was reasonably completely described in terms of (a) the degree of overlap between the perceptible properties of the retrieval environment and of the memory trace of the event and (b) the perceptible similarities between the memory trace of the event and the traces of information encoded temporally adjacent to it. These sensory encoding specificity effects (as well as other research reviewed) were interpreted as demonstrations that a semantic interpretation of the encoding specificity principle cannot account for all encoding specificity phenomena.
J Gen Psychol 1979 Oct
PMID:The role of sensory attributes as retrieval cues or as interference in retrieval of information from episodic memory. 53 47

Expression of resistance to erythromycin in Escherichia coli, caused by an altered L4 protein in the 50S ribosomal subunit, can be masked when two additional ribosomal mutations affecting the 30S proteins S5 and S12 are introduced into the strain (Saltzman, Brown, and Apriion, 1974). Ribosomes from such strains bind erythromycin to the same extent as ribosomes from erythromycin sensitive parental strains (Apirion and Saltzman, 1974). Among mutants isolated for the reappearance of erythromycin resistance, kasugamycin resistant mutants were found. One such mutant was analysed and found to be due to undermethylation of the rRNA. The ribosomes of this strain do not bind erythromycin, thus there is a complete correlation between phenotype of cells with respect to erythromycin resistance and binding of erythromycin to ribosomes. Furthermore, by separating the ribosomal subunits we showed that 50S ribosomes bind or do not bind erythromycin according to their L4 protein; 50S with normal L4 bind and 50S with altered L4 do not bind erythromycin. However, the 30S ribosomes with altered S5 and S12 can restore binding in resistant 50S ribosomes while the 30S ribosomes in which the rRNA also became undermethylated did not allow erythromycin binding to occur. Thus, evidence for an intimate functional relationship between 30S and 50S ribosomal elements in the function of the ribosome could be demonstrated. These functional interrelationships concerns four ribosomal components, two proteins from the 30S ribosomal subunit, S5, and S12, one protein from the 50S subunit L4, and 16S rRNA.
Mol Gen Genet 1976 Feb 02
PMID:Binding of erythromycin to the 50S ribosomal subunit is affected by alterations in the 30S ribosomal subunit. 76 62

We present a mathematical model for the motion of a bacterial population in prescribed attractant or repellent gradients. The model is suggested by the observations of Mesibov et al. (1973, J. Gen. Physiol. 62:203) and Brown and Berg (1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:1388) who found that the sensitivity of the chemotactic response depends on the concentration of attractant. Predictions of the theory are in general agreement with the experiments of Dahlquist et al. (1972, Nat. New Biol. 236:120) and of Mesibov et al. on populations of motile bacteria in fixed attractant gradients. Additional tests of the model are proposed.
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PMID:Model for the chemotactic response of a bacterial population. 93 18

The ventral eye of Limulus contains only one type of photoreceptor. Behaviors mediated by the ventral eye provide an unambiguous representation of the function of that single-receptor type. Such behaviors can be compared with the results of acute, single-cell investigations to assay for the contributions of candidate neural codes in the regulation of behavior (cf. Uttal, 1973). Using an unconditioned tail movement as the response, the psychophysical spectral sensitivity function mediated by the ventral eye of Limulus was measured. This psychophysical function peaked at 525 nm and showed evidence of strong absorption by the cuticle in the short-wavelength portion of the spectrum. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the threshold was 4.5 quanta absorbed per receptor per msec at 525 nm. The spectral transmission of the ventral eye cuticle was also measured. After correction for cuticle absorption, the psychophysical spectral sensitivity function was compared with previously reported spectral sensitivity functions obtained either from electrophysiologic (Millecchia, Bradbury, and Mauro, 1966; Nolte and Brown, 1970) or from microspectrophotometric (Murry, 1966) recordings from single, isolated ventral eye photoreceptor cells. All three functions exhibit a sensitivity peak near 525 nm; the corrected psychophysical and microspectrophotometric functions both display a second peak near 425 nm. A second experiment confirmed the reliability and validity of the 425-nm peak. The coding implications of these findings were explored. A preliminary finding is that, in dichromatic or trichromatic visual systems, two-peaked receptor spectral sensitivity functions produce central, opponent response systems that are qualitatively the same as those produced by single-peaked receptors.
J Exp Psychol Gen 1976 Sep
PMID:Limulus psychophysics: spectral sensitivity of the ventral eye. 97 42

1. The amino acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), activates two different receptor types (Bowery et al., 1980; reviewed by Ogata, 1990a). 2. GABAA receptors are bicuculline-sensitive and are coupled to Cl- channels, while activation of bicuculline-insensitive GABAB receptors has been implicated in the modulation of Ca2+ (Dunlap and Fischbach, 1981) and K+ (Gahwiler and Brown, 1985; Inoue et al., 1985a,b; reviewed by Ogata, 1990b) channels. 3. Baclofen is a specific agonist for GABAB receptors (Bowery et al., 1980). In rat sensory neurones, baclofen suppresses the membrane Ca2+ current (ICa) by a mechanism involving a partussis toxin-sensitive G protein (Holz et al., 1986; Scott and Dolphin, 1986). 4. It has been shown that the inhibitory effect of baclofen is more potent on the early portion of ICa than on the later portion and consequently the rate of ICa activation is slowed (Deisz and Lux, 1985; Dolphin and Scott, 1986). 5. The mechanisms underlying these GABAB-mediated modulation of ICa is not fully understood. This article reviews the inhibitory action of baclofen on ICa in sensory neurones.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 May
PMID:GABAB-mediated modulation of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. 132 63

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the polC gene of Bacillus subtilis which codes for DNA polymerase III. Our recent analysis has revealed that the gene comprises 4311 nucleotides, from the start to the stop codon, 306 nucleotides more than we reported earlier. The plasmid reported by us and by N.C. Brown's laboratory contained a sequence at the end of the gene which is not related to the polC region of B. subtilis. We have isolated the rest of the gene, the sequence of which is presented in this paper. The new stop codon is followed by a hyphenated palindromic sequence of 13 nucleotides. The C-terminus of the coding region contains the novel mutation, dnaF, which results in a defect in the initiation of replication due to a change in the codon TCC to TTC (serine to phenylalanine). The hypermutator mutation mut-1 is due to two point mutations in the 3' to 5' exonuclease domain, the proof reading function. The codon changes are GGA to GAA (glycine to glutamic acid) and AGC to AAC (serine to asparagine). The elongation defective mutation, polC26, affecting the catalytic site that adds nucleotides to the growing chain, is due to a change in the codon GTC to GAC (valine to aspartic acid). It is separated from the mutation reported earlier, azp-12, by 306 nucleotides. Knowing the locations of the mutational sites allowed us to deduce the domains of the gene and the enzyme it encodes, and permitted us to present a precise map of the gene at the molecular level.
Mol Gen Genet 1991 May
PMID:Genetic structure and domains of DNA polymerase III of Bacillus subtilis. 184 Jun 38

Two double-blind studies at 21 centers evaluated the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and tolerability of up to 300 mg/d of clomipramine hydrochloride or an equivalent number of placebo capsules in the treatment of 520 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, of whom 239 had had the disorder for at least 2 years (study 1) and 281 had been ill for at least 1 year (study 2). On the two principal measures of the severity of the disorder, ie, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and the National Institute of Mental Health Global Obsessive Compulsive Scale, clomipramine was significantly more effective than placebo in both studies. The mean reduction in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score at the end of 10 weeks of treatment was 38% and 44% in studies 1 and 2, respectively, for the clomipramine-treated patients and 3% and 5% for the placebo-treated patients. The drug was also found to be superior on the basis of the physicians' and patients' evaluations of global therapeutic change. The most frequently observed adverse effects during clomipramine therapy were those typically associated with tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Although uncommon, the occurrence of seizures and elevated aminotransferase values are potentially serious side effects of clomipramine. Clomipramine was generally well tolerated and was effective in reducing obsessive and compulsive symptoms.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Aug
PMID:Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. 188 60

To evaluate whether serotonin reuptake inhibition is critical to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 40 outpatients with a principal diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder were randomized in a double-blind fashion to 8 weeks of treatment with either the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine maleate (n = 21) or the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor desipramine hydrochloride (n = 19). Fluvoxamine was significantly better than desipramine in reducing the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and by the global response rate ("responder" equaling "much improved"). Eleven of 21 patients were responders with fluvoxamine compared with 2 of 19 patients with desipramine. Fluvoxamine, but not desipramine, was also effective in reducing the severity of "secondary" depression. Fluvoxamine-induced improvement in symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder was not correlated with the severity of baseline depressive symptoms. This study provides additional evidence that the acute serotonin reuptake properties of a drug are predictive of its anti-obsessive-compulsive efficacy. It is hypothesized that the mechanism of action of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder may be related to chronic treatment-induced adaptive changes in presynaptic serotonin receptor function (eg, autoreceptor desensitization) and/or indirect influences on dopaminergic function (eg, in the basal ganglia).
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 Jun
PMID:Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine. 202 4

The development design and reliability of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale have been described elsewhere. We focused on the validity of the Yale-Brown Scale and its sensitivity to change. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined in baseline ratings from three cohorts of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (N = 81). The total Yale-Brown Scale score was significantly correlated with two of three independent measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder and weakly correlated with measures of depression and of anxiety in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with minimal secondary depressive symptoms. Results from a previously reported placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in 42 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder showed that the Yale-Brown Scale was sensitive to drug-induced changes and that reductions in Yale-Brown Scale scores specifically reflected improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. Together, these studies indicate that the 10-item Yale-Brown Scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom severity and that it is suitable as an outcome measure in drug trials of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Nov
PMID:The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. 251 Jun 99


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