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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nutritive potentials of some cowpea varieties such as Ife Brown, Ife Bimpe, IT84E-124, K59 and TVX716 and some under-utilized edible legumes grown in Nigeria such as pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), lablab bean (Dolichos lablab), mucuna bean (Mucuna sp.) and Sphenostilis sternocarpa have been evaluated with respect to their proximate chemical composition, mineral content and some endogenous toxic constituents. The cowpea varieties contained on the average 22.5 g crude protein (CP), 2.60 g crude fibre (CF), 5.89 g either extract (EE) and 3.36 g ash/100 g DM while the under-utilized legumes contained 21.7, 6.10, 2.86, and 3.56 g/100 g DM for CP, CF, EE and ash respectively. Distinct varietal differences were observed for EE values as indicated by the coefficients of variation (CV) of 102% for cowpea and 60.8% for the under-utilized legumes. The CF content of the under-utilized legumes were generally higher than those of the cowpea varieties. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in both the cowpea varieties and the under-utilized legumes with mean values of 1.45 and 1.66% respectively, while P was the least abundant with 13.1 and 8.50 ppm, respectively. There were marked intra-varietal differences in the P content as shown by the high CV of 84.0 and 73.9% for the cowpea varieties and the other legumes. The cowpea varieties generally had higher levels of thioglucosides, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and lower haemagglutinating activity (mean values of thioglucosides: 3.86%, of TIA: 13.9 mg/g protein and of haemagglutinating activity: 13.0 HU/mg N respectively), than the under-utilized legumes with mean respective values of 1.22%, 9.84 mg/g protein and 22.7 HU/mg N. The nutritional implications of these anti-nutritional components were discussed and some reasons adduced for the under-utilization of some of these legumes inspite of their apparent similarity in nutritional quality to the more commonly consumed grain legumes.
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PMID:Compositional evaluation of some cowpea varieties and some under-utilized edible legumes in Nigeria. 256 5

Commercial brown and yellow milled rice submitted to inappropriate storage conditions were characterized and utilized to develop instant flours that were used in the preparation of atoles. The grains were classified as long-thin; the average size was 2.13 x 6.79 mm. The milling yields obtained in laboratory with paddy rice were 70% brown rice and 60% milled rice. Brown rice and yellow milled rice had similar amylose contents, 22.5 and 25.6% respectively. Gel consistency was soft with low gelatinization temperature (63-68 degrees C) for both samples. Field fungi, such as Helminthosporium oryzae, and storage fungi, such as Aspergillus spp, were present in paddy, yellow milled and commercial rice. The fungus Helminthosporium oryzae, Aspergillus spp, and Penicillum spp were not present in instant flours. Instant flours were prepared by soaking the grain in water, and then steaming, drying and milling it. The highest values for water absorption index were obtained from yellow milled instant rice flour. The color of yellow milled instant rice flour varied from white ("L") to pale yellow (lesser values of "b"). The lower viscosity of the instant flours indicates the breakdown of polymers and reveals that unintact starch granules were not present in instant flours. Protein and ash contents of brown and milled rice were unaffected by hydrothermal process, and the lipid content showed only little changes. Sensory analyses carried out on the atoles prepared with instant flours considered them acceptable, specially for products made from milled yellow rice.
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PMID:Characterization of yellow rice and development of instant flours by hydrothermal process. 942 42

A 20-wk feeding trial (21 to 40 wk of age) was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation on egg production, egg quality, nutrient retention, and P excretion of laying hens fed diets containing different levels of P. Nine hundred and sixty ISA Brown hens were randomly allocated to completely randomized block arrangement of four diets: corn-soybean diet (1.4% tricalcium phosphate, TCP) without (T1, control) and with phytase (T2); 0.7% TCP (T3) or 0% TCP (T4) diet with phytase. Dietary microbial phytase was added at a level of 500 U/kg. Both hen-day and hen-housed egg production of T2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than other treatments, which were not different among themselves. Egg weights were also significantly (P < 0.05) different among treatments ,with T2 being the highest. Feed consumption of T2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than other treatments but feed conversion ratio was not significantly different from others. Specific gravity and shell thickness of the eggs were highest in the control (T1) but eggshell strength and broken egg to total egg ratio were not different among treatments. Haugh units were not different among treatments. Retention of Ca, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn were greater (P < 0.05) in phytase-supplemented groups. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in excretion of ash, P, and Zn. The excretion of these components were highest in the control, whereas P excretion was significantly lower in the T3 and T4 groups. In conclusion, supplementation of the microbial phytase to normal corn-soybean diet improved egg production and can reduce TCP level in the diet without affecting egg production and egg quality. Significant reduction of P excretion can be also achieved.
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PMID:Effects of microbial phytase supplementation on egg production, eggshell quality, and mineral retention of laying hens fed different levels of phosphorus. 1002 51

Epidemiological studies have shown an association between elevated levels of particulate matter air pollution and increased morbidity and hospital visits in asthmatics. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a primary combustion particle containing sulfate and metals such as vanadium, nickel, and iron. In this study the effect of ROFA on sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) was examined in a Brown Norway rat model of pulmonary allergy. Rats were instilled via the trachea with 200 or 1000 micrograms ROFA 3 days prior to local sensitization with 10 micrograms HDM and were challenged with 10 micrograms HDM 14 days later. Immunological endpoints were examined at 2, 7, and 14 days after sensitization and at 2 and 7 days after challenge (16 and 21 days post-sensitization, respectively). Antigen-specific immunoglobulin E and associated immediate bronchoconstriction responses to antigen challenge were increased in the ROFA-treated groups compared with the HDM control group. Lymphocyte proliferation to antigen was enhanced at Days 7 and 21 in the bronchial lymphocytes of ROFA-treated groups. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil numbers and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased in the 1000 micrograms ROFA group at Days 2 and 16, BALF total proteins were elevated at Days 2 and 7 in both ROFA-treated groups, and BALF interleukin (IL)-10 was elevated in the 1000 micrograms ROFA group at Day 2. These results suggest that ROFA has an adjuvant effect on sensitization to HDM.
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PMID:Residual oil fly ash exposure enhances allergic sensitization to house dust mite. 1043 60

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) air pollutants and exacerbation of asthma symptoms. We have shown in a Brown Norway (BN) rat model of house dust mite (HDM) allergy that preexposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles enhanced the sensitization phase such that the secondary immune response and associated lung injury were increased after allergen challenge. To determine whether the metals present in ROFA mediated this effect, BN rats were intratracheally instilled with either ROFA (1000 microg) or acidified saline + NiSO(4) (105.12 microg), VSO(4) (98.2 microg), FeSO(4) (58.49 microg), or a mixture (Mix) of each metal. HDM-specific IgE was higher in the serum of the ROFA, Ni, V, and Mix groups than in the HDM group after challenge, and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction responses were increased in the Ni group. Lymphocyte proliferation to antigen was increased in the ROFA, Ni, and V groups compared to controls. Total protein and eosinophil peroxidase levels were elevated in the Fe group, and eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were increased in the ROFA and Fe groups compared to HDM control. IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA expression was also increased in the lung tissue of all metal and ROFA-treated groups, while BALF IL-10 was elevated in the Fe and Mix groups, and IL-6 and TNF-alpha were elevated in the metal and ROFA-treated groups compared to controls. These results suggest that ROFA's metallic constituents mediate enhancement of sensitization to HDM and that pulmonary inflammation may play a role in this adjuvant effect.
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PMID:Enhanced allergic sensitization by residual oil fly ash particles is mediated by soluble metal constituents. 1081 56

We have recently demonstrated that pulmonary exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) resulted in enhanced sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) and augmented the development of allergic lung disease after allergen challenge. This effect was associated with increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a macrophage- and epithelial cell-derived cytokine that promotes granulocyte migration to the lung. The present study examined whether exogenous administration of TNF-alpha enhances sensitization to HDM. One day prior to pulmonary sensitization with 10 microg HDM (5 microg each on days 1 and 3), female Brown Norway rats were instilled via the trachea with either 2.0 microg recombinant rat TNF-alpha, 2.0 microg bovine serum albumin (BSA), or 1,000 microg ROFA, and were challenged with 10 microg HDM 14 days later. Antigen-induced immediate bronchoconstriction responses, antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) titers, lymphocyte proliferation, (cytokines (TNF-alpha and interleukin [IL]-13), and eosinophils were elevated in rats treated with ROFA or TNF-alpha compared with BSA-treated controls after HDM challenge. Intratracheal administration of anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody during ROFA exposure did not reduce ROFA-enhanced lymphocyte proliferation or IgE titers, but had a trend for reduced pulmonary inflammation. This study demonstrates that TNF-alpha has similar adjuvant activity as ROFA, but other factors may fulfill this function when TNF-alpha activity is blocked.
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PMID:TNF-alpha enhanced allergic sensitization to house dust mite in brown Norway rats. 1159 21

Soil samples were collected around a coal-fired power plant from 81 different locations. Brown coal, unusually rich in uranium, is burnt in this plant that lies inside the confines of a small industrial town and has been operational since 1943. Activity concentrations of the radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 137Cs and 40K were determined in the samples. Considerably elevated concentrations of 238U and 226Ra have been found in most samples collected within the inhabited area. Concentrations of 235U and 226Ra in soil decreased regularly with increasing depth at many locations, which can be explained by fly-ash fallout. Concentrations of 235U and 226Ra in the top (0-5 cm depth) layer of soil in public areas inside the town are 4.7 times higher, on average, than those in the uncontaminated deeper layers, which means there is about 108 Bq kg(-1) surplus activity concentration above the geological background. A high emanation rate of 222Rn from the contaminated soil layers and significant disequilibrium between 238U and 226Ra activities in some kinds of samples have been found.
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PMID:Significant radioactive contamination of soil around a coal-fired thermal power plant. 1190 Feb 6

In the framework of an EU study entitled "Respiratory Allergy and Inflammation Due to Ambient Particles" (RAIAP), various collected particulate matter samples were to be tested for their adjuvant potency in two animal models of allergy. A pollen allergy model in the Brown Norway (BN) rat and an ovalbumin model in the BALB/c mouse were used in this study to compare the discriminatory value of these two models and to evaluate them for later studies of collected RAIAP-samples. Two different sources of diesel exhaust particles (DEP I and DEP II ), a residual oil fly ash source (ROFA), and two sources of ambient particles (Ottawa dust, EHC-93, and road tunnel dust, RTD) were tested. Rats were sensitized intratracheally with Timothy grass pollen (Phleum pratense, 200 microl, 10 mg/ml) on d 0, challenged on d 21, and examined on d 25. Mice were sensitized intranasally at d 0 and 14, challenged intranasally at d 35, 38, and 41 (50 microl, 0.4 mg ovalbumin/ml), and examined at d 42. Particulate matter (PM) was administered either during the sensitization phase only or during the sensitization and challenge phases (for mice only) or during the challenge phase only. In the pollen model, only DEP I, but not DEP II, ROFA, EHC-93, and RTD, stimulated the immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgG1 response in serum to pollen allergens. In addition to this adjuvant effect noted, no other biomarkers in lung or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed adjuvant activity in the pollen model. In the BAL of BN rats exposed to a combination of pollen and PM, the percentages of eosinophilic granulocytes were decreased compared to the BAL of BN rats immunized with pollen only. In the ovalbumin model, the IgE levels in serum were increased in mice after coexposure to ovalbumin and PM (including DEPI, DEPII, ROFA, EHC-93, and RTD) in the sensitization phase but not after coexposure during the challenge phase only. The inflammatory response was greater in the lung, predominantly the influx of eosinophilic granulocytes, as was observed by both histopathological examination and BAL analysis. In addition, BAL levels of inflammatory interleukin (IL)-4 were increased. Based on the IgE antibody response to ovalbumin, the ovalbumin model ranked the adjuvant capacity of the particles in the following order: RTD > ROFA > EHC-93 > DEPI > DEPII. In conclusion, the ovalbumin model is a sensitive system to detect adjuvant activity of airborne particles, whereas the pollen-induced allergy model in rat was less sensitive.
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PMID:Adjuvant activity of various diesel exhaust and ambient particles in two allergic models. 1285 33

Brown coal fly ashes were tested as potentially low-cost sorbents for the removal of synthetic dyes from waters. It was shown that both basic (cationic) as well as acid (anionic) dyes can be sorbed onto the fly ash. The adsorption can be described by the multi-site Langmuir isotherm. The sorption capacities were in the range of 10(-1)-10(-3)mmol/g and did not differ significantly for basic and acid dyes. The dye sorption decreased in the presence of organic solvents (methanol, acetone). The presence of oppositely charged surfactants exhibited a pronounced effect on the dye sorption-low concentrations of the surfactant enhanced sorption, whereas high concentrations solubilized the dyes and kept them in solution. Inorganic salts exhibited only a minor effect on the dye sorption. The sorption of basic dyes increased at high pH values, whereas the opposite was true for acid dyes.
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PMID:Sorption of dyes from aqueous solutions onto fly ash. 1460 40

Three sweet potato varieties (TIS-87/ 0087; TIS-8164; TIS-2532.OP.1.13) and Green panic (Panicum maximum) were evaluated for forage quality in a completely randomized design (CRD) using 12 sole-fed lactating White Fulani cows for 21 days, and 12 growing White Fulani and White Fulani x Brown Swiss calves for 77 days. Dry matter intake of cows ranged (p<0.05) between 131 g/Wkg(0.734) in TIS-87/0087 and 152 g/Wkg(0.734) in TIS-8164. Daily milk yields increased (p<0.05) in TIS-87/0087 (2%) and TIS-8164 (5%), but decreased in TIS-2532.OP.1.13 (5%) and Green panic (19%). Mean (+/-SEM) milk total solids (13.16+/-0.05 g/100 g), ash (0.78+/-0.01 g/100 g), protein (3.79+/-0.07 g/100 g), fat (3.98+/-0.06 g/100 g), and lactose (4.62+/-0.14 g/100 g) were significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments. The White Fulani x Brown Swiss calves recorded about 10, 25 and 29% higher birthweight, milk intake and bodyweight gains respectively, but about 3% lower dry matter intake than the purebred White Fulani calves. The rumen degradation rates were similar (p>0.05), while the rest rumen dry matter degradation characteristics were lowest (p< 0.05) for Green panic. Sweet potato forage could be used as sole feed or supplement for dry-season Green panic.
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PMID:Sweet potato and Green panic as sole fodder for stall-fed lactating White Fulani cows and growing calves. 1842 54


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