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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To assess the role of amniotic fluid (AMF) in the maintenance of pregnancy, immunosuppressive effects of AMF were studied in vivo, and the mechanisms of suppressor activity were analyzed immunologically in vitro in the rat. Female Lewis (LEW, RT-1l) rats mated with Brown-Norway (BN, RT-1n) rats for 14 days were sacrificed and cell-free AMF was obtained. AMF was diafiltered with PBS (PH 7.2) and reconstituted to 2 OD units measured at 280 nm. Untreated LEW hosts rejected BN renal grafts at 7.8 +/- 0.2 days (n = 10). Five days of intravenous inoculation of AMF into LEW hosts remarkably enhanced BN graft survivals (MST = 20.3 +/- 4.4 days, n = 12) compared with controls (P less than 0.01), and slightly prolonged third-party DA (RT-1a) graft survivals (MST = 9.4 +/- 0.8 days, n = 7) compared with control LEW hosts engrafted with a DA kidney (MST = 7.6 +/- 0.2 days, n = 6). Five days of intravenous inoculation of pregnant sera into LEW hosts had no effect on BN graft survival. The AMF suppressed the proliferative response of LEW lymphocytes against not only irradiated BN stimulator cells but also irradiated third-party DA stimulators. The AMF also suppressed allokiller T cell generation of normal LEW lymphocytes against BN cells by 70.1% and 51.3%, and against DA cells by 64.9% and 38.9% at concentrations of 25% and 12.5%, respectively (P less than 0.01). To dissect the immunosuppressive activity of AMF, the effect of AMF on cytokine production and interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor expression of concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes were investigated. AMF suppressed interferon and IL-2 production. Interestingly, however, AMF did not suppress interleukin 3 (IL-3) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production, as well as IL-2 receptor expression. These results demonstrated that rat AMF displayed a strong immunosuppression in vivo as well as in vitro, and that AMF might play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy.
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PMID:Prolongation of renal allograft survival in the rat treated with amniotic fluid. 171 99

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin in gram-negative bacterial cell walls, is a major factor in septic shock. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) appears immediately after LPS release or LPS injection in rats, but when these animals have LPS reinjected for up to 7 days, TNF production is inhibited. Because inhibiting TNF with anti-TNF antibodies prolongs cardiac allograft survival and is synergistic with cyclosporine (CsA), enhanced graft survival could result from inhibiting TNF via LPS pretreatment. Accordingly, heterotopic rat heart transplants were performed in: I, untreated controls: II, LPS pretransplant treatment: III, LPS post-transplant treatment; IV, low-dose CsA post-transplant treatment; V, CsA post-transplant treatment and PBS (LPS vehicle); or VI, LPS pretransplant treatment and low-dose CsA post-transplant treatment, using Brown Norway (BN) donors and Lewis (LEW) recipients. Rejection was defined by a lack of contractions. Results showed that while LPS pre- or post-treatment alone had little allograft survival effect, LPS pretreatment combined with CsA significantly prolonged survival vs control or CsA alone (22.0 +/- 1.6 days vs 6.8 +/- 0.6 days or 13.4 +/- 1.1 days; P < 0.001). Primary MLRs of LPS-pretreated LEW splenocytes cocultured with irradiated BN splenocytes had significantly less [3H]thymidine incorporation than untreated LEW splenocytes (3671 +/- 349 vs 7828 +/- 14 cpm). TNF assays of untreated and PBS-treated LEW spleen cells cocultured with irradiated BN spleen cells had 1.3 and 1.1 pg of TNF/10(6) cells, respectively, in 2 hr, but no TNF from LPS-pretreated LEW cells was detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment of cyclosporine-treated rats enhances cardiac allograft survival. 841 31

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by the production of a variety of autoantibodies against cell surface, nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. The antigen or antigens responsible for the induction of this disease is/are unknown. We have analysed the antigenicity and pathogenicity of free histones and histones complexed with RNA in Balb/c, B10 Br, C57BL/6 and MRL-lpr/lpr mice by giving 1 microgram and 25 micrograms of each antigen intraperitoneally in complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The same number of control animals were injected with either adjuvant or PBS. In the initial experiment we gave three doses of antigen at three weekly intervals. B10 Brown and C57BL/6 mice had no response to the antigens. Balb/c mice developed a mild transient antibody response against H1 histone, branched peptide of ubiquitinated H2A (peptide T4) and also against ssDNA. However in repeated experiments when the histone-RNA complex was injected into young MRL-lpr/lpr animals at two weekly intervals, a significantly increased antibody response was detected against H1, peptide T4 and some histone peptide residues (204-218 of H1, 1-20 and 65-85 of H2A, 1-25 of H2B, 1-21 of H3 and 1-29 of H4) compared to the control groups. Moreover, this group also showed elevated serum anti-DNA antibody levels and early impairment of renal function assessed by the urine protein levels. These experiments have demonstrated that there is a genetic variation in antibody responses against histones and histone-RNA complexes and that histone-RNA complexes exaggerate the disease in young MRL-lpr/lpr mice by inducing antibodies to basic regions of histones and other autoantigens.
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PMID:Effect of histone and histone-RNA complexes on the disease process of murine systemic lupus erythematosus. 867 99

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces a T cell-dependent autoimmune syndrome in Brown-Norway (BN) rats characterized by a humoral response, tissue injury with an accumulation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and an increase in tissue IL-4 mRNA and serum IgE suggesting Th2 cell activation. In other models of autoimmune disease, CD8+ cells act in both anti- and pro-inflammatory capacities, suggesting that functionally distinct CD8+ populations exist in vivo. The effect of treatment with OX8, a depleting anti-CD8 MoAb, on the initiation of HgCl2-induced autoimmunity was assessed in two experiments in a total of 20 BN rats, and compared with 20 animals treated with a control MoAb or PBS. OX8 significantly depleted peripheral blood CD8+ lymphocytes, had no effect on HgCl2-induced anti-collagen or myeloperoxidase antibodies, nor on the incidence or severity of caecal vasculitis. The severity of HgCl2-induced arthritis was significantly reduced in OX8-treated animals; median peak score reduced from 7.5 to 3.0 (experiment 1) and from 7.0 to 4 (experiment 2) (P = 0.009, Mann-Whitney U-test). OX8 treatment also exacerbated the early rise in HgCl2-induced IgE and induced a significant rise in plasma interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), suggesting that CD8+ cells may have a regulatory influence on Th cell populations. These data provide direct evidence that CD8+ cells may act in a proinflammatory capacity in both this model of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis.
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PMID:Anti-CD8 treatment reduces the severity of inflammatory arthritis, but not vasculitis, in mercuric chloride-induced autoimmunity. 891 74

To test the hypothesis that CD8+ T cells may suppress the allergen-induced late airway response (LAR) and airway eosinophilia, we examined the effect of administration of Ag-primed CD8+ T cells on allergic airway responses, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) leukocytes, and mRNA expression for cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma) in OVA-sensitized Brown Norway rats. On day 12 postsensitization to OVA, test rats were administered 2 million CD8+ T cells i.p. isolated from either the cervical lymph nodes (LN group; n = 8) or the spleen (Spl group; n = 6) of sensitized donors. On day 14, test rats were challenged with aerosolized OVA. Control rats were administered PBS i.p. on day 12, and challenged with OVA (n = 10) or BSA (n = 6) on day 14. The lung resistance was measured for 8 h after challenge. BAL was performed at 8 h. Cytospin slides of BAL were analyzed for major basic protein by immunostaining and for cytokine mRNA by in situ hybridization. The LAR was significantly less in the LN group (1.8 +/- 0.5 U; p < 0.01) and BSA controls (1.4 +/- 0.7; p < 0.01), but not in the Spl group (6.7 +/- 2.2), compared with that in OVA controls (8.1 +/- 1.8). In BAL, the number of major basic protein-positive cells was lower in the LN and Spl groups compared with OVA controls (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). IL-4- and IL-5-positive cells were decreased in the LN group compared with the OVA controls (p < 0.01). INF-gamma-positive cells were increased in the LN and Spl groups compared with the OVA controls (p < 0.01). Serum OVA-specific IgE levels were unaffected by CD8+ T cell transfers. These results indicate that Ag-primed CD8+ T cells have a potent suppressive effect on LAR.
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PMID:CD8+ T cells modulate late allergic airway responses in Brown Norway rats. 1055 86

IL-12 and IL-4 are critical cytokines for Th1 and Th2 differentiation, respectively. To assess the roles of these cytokines in the development of experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis (EC) in Brown Norway (BN) rats, their effects were tested either in vitro or in vivo. Draining lymph node cells from rats immunized with ragweed pollen (RW) in Al(OH)3 were collected and cultured for 3 days with RW in the presence of IL-4, IL-12, or PBS as a control. After harvesting the culture supernatants for cytokine ELISA and the cells for cytokine reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, 10 million cells were injected intravenously into syngeneic recipient rats (n = 12 per group). The rats were challenged with RW by eye drops 4 days after transfer. Eyes were harvested for histology 24 h later. Furthermore, IL-12 (500 ng per injection) or PBS was injected intraperitoneally every other day seven times from the day of active immunization (n = 6 per group). One day after the last injection, rats were challenged and EC was evaluated as above. Transfer of cells with IL-4 in vitro augmented eosinophilic infiltration in the conjunctiva compared with the other two groups, whereas IL-12 in vitro suppressed eosinophilic infiltration and increased lymphocytic infiltration. Interferon-gamma production was augmented by IL-12. IL-4 RNA expression was augmented by IL-4. IL-12 administration in vivo augmented lymphocytic infiltration in the conjunctiva without affecting infiltration of eosinophils. In conclusion, IL-4 and IL-12 either in vitro or in vivo augmented Th2 and Th1 immunity, respectively, thus leading to distinct histological features of EC.
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PMID:Effects of IL-4 and IL-12 on experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Brown Norway rats. 1101 14

The present study is the first to examine the modulation of retinal kynurenic acid (KYNA) content in response to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced cell death in adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Adult Brown Norway rats were intravitreally injected with NMDA or PBS. Surviving RGC were retrogradely labeled with fluorogold and counted in wholemounts of retinas 2, 7 and 14 days after injection. Retinal KYNA content was measured by HPLC at the same time points. RGC numbers decreased significantly 2, 7 and 14 days after NMDA injection if compared to control retinas. KYNA concentration increased significantly two days after NMDA-injection. However, 7 and 14 days after injection retinal KYNA content was found markedly decreased in NMDA-treated eyes as compared to controls. It is conceivable that KYNA deficiency is causally related to the pathology of excitotoxic retinal diseases.
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PMID:Alterations of kynurenic acid content in the retina in response to retinal ganglion cell damage. 1259 96

Immune modulation of poultry by airborne pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) was studied. White and Brown layer chicks were exposed intratracheally during 5 consecutive days at 7 wk of age with Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived 1,3 beta-glucan (BGL), a combination of both, or PBS as a control. Six weeks later, birds received similar or crossover PAMP treatments. Body weight (gain), feed conversion, (primary and secondary) specific antibody responses to model antigens, and natural antibody levels were measured. In general, BGL enhanced but LPS exposure decreased primary immune responses at 7 wk of age, whereas both PAMP-enhanced secondary immune responses but decreased primary immune responses at 13 wk of age. Body weight gain and feed conversion at both ages were negatively affected by LPS, especially in White birds, but not by BGL. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns exposure at 7 wk of age also affected Ab responses at 13 wk of age. Birds exposed to a combination of LPS + BGL at 7 wk of age had significantly lower secondary total and IgG Ab responses at 13 wk of age. Birds from both breeds showed enhanced BW gain after exposure to LPS at 13 wk of age, when initially challenged at 7 wk of age with LPS, BGL, or a combined challenge with both. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns exposure at 7 wk of age affected humoral immunity and BW gain at 13 wk of age in a positive (BGL) or negative (LPS) fashion. Repeated exposure to PAMP did not affect Ab responses, but crossover exposure to PAMP in general enhanced Ab responses. Body weight gain was positively affected by repeated exposure but not by crossover exposure, suggesting adaptation of the birds to early PAMP exposure. Our findings suggest that sensitivity of poultry for immune modulation by airborne PAMP differs between ages, is breed-dependent, and is not irreversible of nature. In addition, our data suggest different adaptation to hygienic conditions, both with respect to immune reactivity and BW gain.
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PMID:Age- and breed-dependent adapted immune responsiveness of poultry to intratracheal-administered, pathogen-associated molecular patterns. 1713 72

Chemokines activate and recruit specific leukocyte subpopulations. We sought to determine whether neutrophil migration, which can contribute to the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury, correlates with lung allograft rejection. Orthotopic left lung allotransplantation was performed from Brown Norway (donor) to Fisher 344 (recipient) rats. Because the role of activated neutrophils in the development of allograft rejection is believed to be biphasic, we used specific CXC receptor inhibition with antileukinate in 2 dosing regimens. Recipients were allocated into 4 groups; A (early administration) received 2 doses of antileukinate (10.0 mg/kg) intramuscularly 24 h before and immediately after transplantation; B (continuous administration) continuously received antileukinate intraperitoneally (10.0 mg/kg/day) for 7 days after surgery. Groups A or B were compared with individual controls that received PBS alone. The progression of rejection was assessed radiographically. Histologic evaluation of allograft rejection based on pathologic rejection grade, performed on day 7, demonstrated significantly lower histologic rejection in group B compared with the control group (2.1+/-1.0 vs. 3.3+/-0.5; P=0.018), whereas there was no significant difference in group A compared with the control group. There were no significant differences between the aeration scores of groups A or B compared with their control groups. Our data suggest that neutrophils may play a promoting role in the development of allograft rejection, and blockage of neutrophil migration may suppress acute lung allograft rejection.
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PMID:Prevention of neutrophil migration ameliorates rat lung allograft rejection. 1722 68

Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer), the poultry red mite, is a blood-feeding ectoparasite that infests many bird species. We have used an in vitro feeding assay to allow the identification of protective D. gallinae antigens that may have potential as vaccine candidates. Homogenised mites were extracted sequentially with PBS, Tween 20, Triton X100 and urea giving four protein fractions. Five experimental groups of Lohmann Brown hens were used to generate antibodies; four groups were injected with one of each of the protein fractions in QuilA adjuvant and a control group was injected with adjuvant only. Booster injections were administered 2 and 4 weeks after initial immunisation. Eggs were collected throughout the experiment and soluble IgY antibodies were extracted from a pool of egg yolks collected at week six post-injection. Western blots, performed using post vaccination antibodies from test and control groups, revealed a strong antibody response against a range of injected proteins. Fresh chicken blood, supplemented with antibodies raised against these protein fractions, was fed to mites in an in vitro feeding assay in order to determine whether the antibodies had an anti-mite effect. Although there was variability in the numbers of feeding mites, it was found that the strongest anti-mite effect was seen with the PBS protein fraction, which had a cumulative average mortality of 34.8% 14 days after feeding compared with 27.3% for the control group (P = 0.043).
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PMID:The testing of antibodies raised against poultry red mite antigens in an in vitro feeding assay; preliminary screen for vaccine candidates. 1918 66


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