Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The food colour Brown FK (EEC Serial No. 124) is a mixture of p-sulphophenylazo derivatives of m-toluylenediamine and m-phenylenediamine and is used in the UK for colouring kippers. Brown FK and its constituents were assayed for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537 and TA 1538. Samples of Brown FK from three manufacturers were mutagenic in TA 1538 (framshift mutant) when activated by a rat-liver supernatant fraction. Mutagenicity was linearly dose-dependent in the range of 0--3 mg/plate with activities ranging from 22 to 50 times the spontaneous mutation frequency. One sample of Brown FK was mutagenic in the absence of metabolic activation producing a 16-fold increase in mutation at 4 mg/plate. Two major constituents of Brown FK, 2,4-diamino-5-(p-sulphophenylazo)-toluene (I) and 1,3-diamino-4-(p-sulphophenylazo)benzend (II), each present at about 18% in the complete colour, were mutagenic in TA 1538. Mutagenicity was linearly dose-related in the range 0--1 mumol/plate, with slopes of 0.35 mutants/nmol for compound I and 1.5 mutants/nmol for compound II. This activity was dependent on metabolic activation. Four other major constituents, (di- and tri-substituted diamines) were inactive, as was sulphanilic acid, the major excretion product of Brown FK. The mutagenicity of Brown FK could be largely accounted for by the combined effects of compounds I and II. Earlier studies showed that compounds I and II were responsible for the acute myotoxic effects seen when Brown FK was given per os to rats and pigs. Azoreductive fission of I and II to reactive triamines by gut microflora was thought to be the main metabolic pathway by which Brown FK produced its myotoxic effects, and it is proposed that the mutagenic effects of Brown FK are probably mediated by a similar mechanism.
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PMID:Mutagenicity of the food colour brown FK and constituents in Salmonella typhimurium. 79 96

One of disadvantages of the Golytely preparation is that examinees have to drink as much as 4,000 ml of Golytely. To overcome this disadvantage, we designed a modified preparation regimen in which examinees have to drink only 2,000 ml of Golytely by taking sennoside orally. Bowel preparation was carried out in 297 examinees by this modified method. Examinees ate their usual diet and took 36 mg of sennoside orally on the night before the examination. On the day of the examination, the examinees drank a total of 2,000 ml of Golytely. No severe complications were noted and 97% of the examinees were able to drink the dose of 2,000 ml. Subjects who had also experienced bowel preparation by the modified method of Brown were asked to compare the two regimens, and only 1% preferred Brown's method while 73% preferred bowel preparation by our Golytely method. The result of bowel preparation by this method was excellent or good in 90 to 97% of the subjects at all sites in the colon and rectum. We conclude that bowel preparation for total colonoscopy using 2,000 ml of Golytely and sennoside is superior because it is highly acceptable to the examinees and provides excellent gut irrigation.
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PMID:Bowel preparation for the total colonoscopy by 2,000 ml of balanced lavage solution (Golytely) and sennoside. 146 4

Secretory IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin produced in the small intestine and one important component of the local defense against dietary and infectious agents present in the gut lumen. The effect of small intestine transplantation on total production of sIgA and on the response to a newly presented antigen, cholera toxin, was determined in a rat segmental heterotopic intestinal transplant model. Lewis x Brown Norway F1 (LBNF1) allografts in Lewis hosts made normal amounts of sIgA, when compared with LBNF1 Thiry-Vella loops or LBNF1 isografts. In contrast, the allografts failed to make a significant specific sIgA response when immunized with cholera toxin at days 0 and 7 following transplantation. This failure was not the result of surgical manipulation, as isografts made normal amounts of specific sIgA directed against cholera toxin. Cyclosporine immunosuppression delayed, but did not prevent, the secretion of specific antibody in isografts. This failure to respond to a new antigen may have important implications for the safety of small bowel transplantation.
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PMID:Immune function in transplanted small intestine. Total secretory IgA production and response against cholera toxin. 230 56

The functional integrity of transplanted bowel would most convincingly be demonstrated if transplantation after an otherwise lethal intestinal resection permitted survival and growth. In this experiment, we proposed to define the extent of bowel resection necessary for lethality and to show that transplantation allows salvage of these animals. Adult Brown-Norway rats (250 g) underwent extensive small-bowel resection (SBR) (ligament of Treitz to ileocecal valve) (n = 5), cecectomy only (CEC) (n = 3), SBR plus CEC (n = 6), or SBR plus CEC and syngeneic transplantation of 25 cm of jejunum (n = 6). All animals with SBR or CEC alone survived and grew; all animals with SBR plus CEC died within 2 weeks (mean, 6.4 days); and 6 of 6 animals with SBR plus CEC and transplant survived and grew. The difference in survival between the lethally resected rats and those with an intestinal transplant was highly significant (P less than 0.01). Dietary intake was similar in all groups. We conclude that in the rat, extensive small-bowel resection alone is not sufficient to be lethal; most of the small bowel and the cecum must be resected to obtain a lethal model. We have also shown that transplantation of small bowel into rats with an otherwise lethal extent of bowel resection will allow the animals to survive and grow. These results suggest the need for caution in correlating survival after intestinal transplantation in the rat with transplant function, since the preservation of too much native gut might permit survival even if the transplant has no nutritional function.
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PMID:Small-bowel transplantation permits survival in rats with lethal short-gut syndrome. 280 64

Repeated exposure of high-IgE-responder Brown Norway (BN) rats to an aerosol of ovalbumin (OVA) once weekly triggered progressively increasing levels of OVA-specific IgG in serum. In contrast, responses in the IgE class were transient, declining from peak titers during the third week to background levels by Week 5, despite continuing aerosol exposure. Subsequent parenteral challenge of these animals revealed a state of antigen- and IgE isotype-specific tolerance. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes or pooled respiratory tract lymph node (RTLN) cells from aerosol-exposed animals to naive rats abrogated subsequent OVA-specific primary IgE responses in the recipients, but did not affect specific IgG responses, and kinetic studies indicated that these suppressor cells arose first in the RTLN. Transfer studies employing individual lymph node groups which constituted the RTLN pool pinpointed the superficial cervical nodes, which drain the uppermost portion of the respiratory tract, as the major source of suppressor cells. Fractionation of cell populations before adoptive transfer employing monoclonal antibodies directed against T-cell markers, defined a population of suppressor cells generated by aerosol exposure which expressed both the W3/13 (pan T-cell) and OX8 (cytotoxic/suppressor T-cell) antigens, but which was negative for the W3/25 (helper T-cell) marker. Analysis of the IgE and IgG responses induced by OVA inhalation was performed employing the ELISA plaque technique, recently developed in this laboratory. These studies revealed the parathymic and posterior mediastinal nodes draining the lower lung, as the major sites of specific IgE and IgG production; smaller numbers of OVA-specific IgG-secreting cells (but none secreting specific IgE) were detected in the nodes draining the upper respiratory tract, while antibody secretion outside the respiratory tract was restricted to comparatively few cells in the spleen. The ELISA plaque assay was also employed to enumerate total numbers of cells secreting the IgE isotype in aerosol-exposed and control rats, employing samples from 10 different lymphoid organs. Approximately 50% of the IgE-secreting cells in these animals were localized in RTLN, as opposed to 25% in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These data are discussed in relation to the pivotal role of respiratory-tract associated lymphoid tissues in regulation of IgE responses to aeroallergens.
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PMID:Induction of IgE-secreting cells and IgE isotype-specific suppressor T cells in the respiratory lymph nodes of rats in response to antigen inhalation. 316 Apr 87

The antibacterial responses of the coelomocytes and coelomic fluid of Parastichopus californicus to nine different species of marine bacteria were observed in vivo and in vitro. Five of the nine species of bacteria were cultured from P. californicus gut contents. Strong responses were directed against the bacterial species from the gut. Most bacteria agglutinated in coelomic fluid. Coelomocytes phagocytized and/or encapsulated the bacteria and showed a positive reaction for the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase. Cell-free coelomic fluid exhibited less bactericidal activity against all of the marine species of bacteria than did complete coelomic fluid. Brown bodies, formed by coelomocytes surrounding foreign material, accumulated in the posterior region of the animal around the cloacal suspensors; these eventually were eliminated through a ringlet of ducts connecting the coelomic cavity with the external environment. Whole coelomic fluid inactivated endotoxin in vitro, but endotoxin did not initiate any detectable changes in the coelomocytes or coelomic fluid. Strong antibacterial response to the gut-associated bacterial species may well be essential to the survival of these animals, since during their seasonal visceral atrophy, gut-associated bacteria escape into the coelomic cavity.
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PMID:Holothurian survival strategies: mechanisms for the maintenance of a bacteriostatic environment in the coelomic cavity of the sea cucumber, Parastichopus californicus. 377 Feb 67

The genotoxicity of the benzidine-congener-derived azo dyes. Direct Blue 1 ( DB1 ), Direct Blue 14 ( DB14 ), Direct Brown 95 ( DB95 ), and Direct Red 46 ( DR46 ) was studied in the in vitro and in vivo/in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays in primary rat hepatocytes to determine if in vivo metabolism of these compounds was required for induction of UDS. Hepatocytes were isolated, cultured, and treated with the azo dyes and [3H]thymidine (in vitro assay); alternatively, in the in vivo/in vitro assay, rats were intubated with the azo dyes, the hepatocytes isolated at 17 h after dosing and incubated in a medium containing [3H]thymidine. UDS was quantified by an autoradiographic method. None of the azo dyes induced UDS in the in vitro assay. However, DR46 did induce marginal, but significant UDS in 1 experiment (1.2 net grains at 500 micrograms/ml media). No significant UDS was observed when DR46 was tested in a subsequent in vitro assay. In the in vivo/in vitro assay, DB95 (100 mg/kg), DB14 (125 mg/kg), and DR46 (100 mg/kg) induced significant UDS (12, 2.1, and 3.5 net grains, respectively). None of the azo dyes tested was mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay in the presence and absence of rat liver enzymes. Therefore, in vivo reduction of azo dyes, presumably by the gut microflora, is a requirement for the genotoxicity of these azo dyes in the primary rat hepatocyte UDS assay.
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PMID:Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes by benzidine-congener-derived azo dyes in the in vitro and in vivo/in vitro assays. 637 17

Neurotensin, originally isolated from the bovine hypothalamus (Carraway and Leeman 1973) is found not only in several parts of the brain (Carraway and Leeman 1976a) but also in the lower intestine (Orci, Baetens, Rufener, Brown, Vale and Guillemin 1976). Although neurotensin has a wide range of pharmacological effects (Carraway, Demer and Leeman 1976b), the concentrated localization of this peptide in the gut suggests that neurotensin may play a pathophysiological role in the gut disease. Recently, Bloom, Blackburn, Ebeid, Ralphs and Polak (1978) proposed the hypothesis that neurotensin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of dumping syndrome, based on measurement of plasma neutrotensin levels in gastrectomized patients. To examine the hypothesis, we compared changes of plasma neurotensin levels after 50 g OGTT in total gastrectomized patients with those in control subjects. In this paper, we report on enhanced neurotensin like immunoreactivity (NTLI) release in gastrectomized patients after 50 g OGTT.
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PMID:Enhanced neurotensin-like immunoreactivity release in total gastrectomized patients after 50 g OGTT. 743 80

Neonates and growing individuals have increased nutritional demands as compared with adults. To determine the functional ability of an intestinal graft to allow survival and growth, an otherwise lethal short gut model should be used (resection of both the entire small bowel and the cecum). In this study the authors investigated the survival and growth in young rats (80 to 125 g) with this lethal short gut syndrome (SGS) and either syngeneic or allogeneic segmental small bowel transplantation (SBTx). Additionally they sought to determine the effect of therapeutical doses of cyclosporine (CyA) in young, growing rats. To avoid total parenteral nutrition in rats undergoing SBTx, surgery was carried out in two steps: after segmental SBTx of a 25-cm jejunal graft, SGS was created 2 weeks later. Lewis rats underwent 1: Syngeneic segmental SBTx + SGS (n = 7); 2: Allogeneic segmental SBTx (donor: Lewis Brown Norway F1) + SGS + CyA (15 mg/kg/d for 7 days, then every other day for 21 days) (n = 9); 3: Syngeneic segmental SBTx + SGS + CyA as in group 2 (n = 5); 4: SGS alone (n = 5): 5: small bowel resection alone (n = 5); 6: sham laparotomy twice (n = 5); 7: sham laparotomy twice + CyA as in group 2 (n = 6). Weight, general condition, and nutritional serum variables were followed up regularly for 4 months. Rats with resection of small bowel survived but did not grow. Rats with small bowel resection + cecectomy died within 5 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Impaired survival and growth in immunosuppressed young rats with lethal short gut syndrome and a small bowel transplant: an effect of cyclosporine. 747 21

Lewis rat recipients of long-term, surviving, orthotopic Brown-Norway rat intestinal allografts, initially treated with cyclosporin A (CyA) or FK 506, were evaluated for their functional capacity and morphology over 1 year after the immunosuppressive therapy had been discontinued. Functional parameters such as nitrogen and fat balances, maltose absorption, blood chemistry, hematologic studies, and the weight gained by the allografted animals did not differ from those of syngeneically grafted or age-matched normal animals. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the lamina propria of the allografts was repopulated with recipient MHC class II+ mononuclear cells and that a normal distribution of T helper, T suppressor/killer, and IgA+ plasma cells had occurred. However, fibrous replacement of the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were detected in all, and an inflammatory obliterative arteriolopathy developed in the mesenteric vasculature of half of the allografted animals. No such findings were observed in recipients of syngeneic grafts. These results demonstrate that the limited use of potent immunosuppressive agents immediately after transplantation averts rejection and is followed by recipient-type mucosal lymphocytic repopulation. Simultaneously, a clinically not recognizable chronic rejection evolves. This suggests that the timely diagnosis of chronic rejection may not be possible with the use of standard tests of gut function and random mucosal biopsies alone.
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PMID:Mucosal recipient-type mononuclear repopulation and low-grade chronic rejection occur simultaneously in indefinitely surviving recipients of small bowel allografts. 751 99


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