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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Brown and rainbow trout, held in freshwater at 13 +/- 1 degrees, were injected, every 3 days, with iopanoic acid (IOP: 5 mg/100 g body wt), an inhibitor of deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). One group of IOP-treated rainbow trout was immersed in T3 (20 micrograms/l water). In IOP trout, plasma T3 fell to very low levels by day 7, while changes in T4 levels were less marked. In IOP + T3 trout plasma T3 increased fivefold, plasma T4 being unchanged. No mortality occurred and plasma osmolarity (OP) was not altered by any treatment. After direct transfer to seawater (30/1000), IOP trout were unable to acclimate to salinity: all died within 2 or 3 days, while the survival at day 3 was 100% in control brown trout and 45 and 74% in control and IOP + T3 rainbow trout respectively. OP increased more in IOP and less in IOP + T3 than in controls. There was a significant inverse correlation between T3, but not T4, plasma level, at the time of transfer and the OP 1 day later. In conclusion, although T3 does not play a significant role in osmoregulation in freshwater, T3 and therefore the deiodination of T4 into T3, were required for the development of hypo-osmoregulatory capacity involved in acclimation of trout to seawater.
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PMID:[Triiodothyronine is needed for the acclimatization of brown trout (Salmo trutta) or rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to seawater]. 152 Nov 65

Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) from Guam were exposed to mammalian (Rattus norvegicus) blood on cotton-tipped applicators. Water and other control substances were similarly presented. All trials lasted 60 s, and the dependent variable was the number of tongue flicks emitted by the snake during the trial. In five experiments, B. irregularis responded with greater numbers of tongue flicks to blood than to control substances. This is the first study to reveal an ophidian response to internal chemicals of potential prey organisms.
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PMID:Stimulus control of predatory behavior in the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis). IV. Effect of mammalian blood. 158 55

Male F344BNF1 hybrid rats (F1 crosses between female Fischer 344 and male Brown Norway rats) aged 3 or 24 months were treated with vehicle (1 ml water/kg, IP) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, IP) once a day for 1 day or 27 consecutive days; body weights were recorded daily. Baroreceptor sensitivity was assessed in conscious unrestrained rats implanted with vascular catheters 24 hours after the single or 27th injection by measuring peak changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) elicited by graded doses of phenylephrine or nitroglycerin, IV. The results demonstrate that the effects of the serotonin uptake inhibitor fluoxetine, whether administered acutely or for 27 days, are similar in young and old rats: a relative decrease in body weight, a slight decrease in resting MAP without a change in HR, and no effect on baroreceptor sensitivity. In addition, this study in F344BNF1 hybrid rats supports previous reports in inbred rat strains by demonstrating that baroreceptor dysfunction, but not hypertension, is observed in old rats.
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PMID:Effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine on baroreceptor reflex sensitivity and body weight in young and old rats. 162 89

Brown adipocyte respiration was measured in isolated cells from hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and euthyroid Sprague-Dawley male rats. Hypothyroidism was induced by providing drinking water containing methimazole and hyperthyroidism was induced by addition of thyroid powder to the diet. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) cells were isolated by collagenase digestion and oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured by Clark type oxygen electrodes. BAT cell respiration was stimulated by selective and nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists: BRL 35135A (BRL) and Isoprenaline (ISO). Basal BAT cells respiration did not differ according to thyroid status. Maximal VO2 responses of BAT adipocytes from hypothyroid rats were significantly lower than in euthyroidism after ISO and BRL. The reduced response was more marked for ISO than for BRL. The thermogenic sensitivity was significantly greater in euthyroid than is hypothyroid cells for ISO, but not for BRL. The euthyroid-hyperthyroid differences were not significantly different. These results suggest: basal respiration of BAT cells in hypo- and hyperthyroidism does not reflect the overall changes in whole body metabolism; the decreased thermogenic response in hypothyroidism might be due to decreased beta-adrenoceptor numbers and/or decreased intracellular thyroxine-triiodothyronine conversion; changes in sensitivity to ISO and BRL in vitro reflect the changes seen in VO2 in vivo.
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PMID:Brown adipose tissue cell respiration in hypo- and hyperthyroidism after stimulation with selective and non selective beta-adrenergic agonists. 168 47

Brown Norway kininogen-deficient rats had very low levels of plasma kininogens and lower levels of plasma prekallikrein, compared with those of normal rats of the same strain. Systolic blood pressure, determined by the tail-cuff method, of 5-week-old kininogen-deficient rats (106 +/- 0.4 mm Hg, n = 7) and the rate of systolic blood pressure increase with age were not different from those in normal rats. Weekly injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate (5 mg/kg s.c.) with 1% sodium chloride solution in drinking water after uninephrectomy at 7 weeks of age caused a gradual increase in the blood pressure of normal rats, reaching a plateau at 18 weeks of age, whereas that of deficient rats rose rapidly to 158 +/- 6 mm Hg 2 weeks after the start of treatment and continued to increase slightly, becoming significantly higher than normal rats at 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 weeks of age (p less than 0.05 or 0.01). The levels of urinary prokallikrein and active kallikrein were slightly higher in deficient rats before deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt treatment but were not significantly increased after this treatment, whereas these levels in normal rats were increased 3.6- and 4.7-fold by this treatment. Urinary free kinin, collected from the ureter in untreated deficient rats, was below the detection limit. The plasma level of low molecular weight kininogen, the substrate of glandular kallikrein, was decreased in normal rats during the treatment. Continuous subcutaneous injection of aprotinin by an osmotic pump to normal rats induced significant increase in blood pressure. These results indicate that glandular kallikrein may play a suppressive role in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension.
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PMID:Suppression of rat deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension by kallikrein-kinin system. 171 Jun 5

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to be a principal energy source of non-shivering thermogenesis and related diet-induced thermogenesis. These regulate body temperature and body weight and are controlled by the dissipation of excessive dietary caloric intake. We carried out histopathologic, immunohistochemical and biochemical studies of BAT in rats in relation to aging changes. Four groups of Donryu strain male rats (5 each of 1 month, 2 months, 4 months and 20 months of age) were used. They had been given commercial chow and tap water ad libitum and were kept in an air-conditioned room. Body weight (BW), interscapular BAT weight (IBATW) and g IBATW/g BW of rats were measured. Nor-adrenalin (NA), and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) of IBAT were determined. To evaluate the catecholaminergic effects of BAT, morphometric quantitation of BAT was carried out based on the cytoplasmic locularity of fat globules in the BAT cells. Distribution of DBH in BAT was assessed immunohistochemically by the avidin biotin peroxidase complex method. With the use of statistical analysis of variance procedure, there were highly significant decreases in the ratio of g IBATW/g BW (p less than 0.0001) and in the concentrations of NA (p less than 0.0001) and DBH (p less than 0.01) between young (weaning at 1 month old) rats and adult (aged from 4 to 20 months) rats. In the morphometric measurement, by the statistical analysis system (SAS) Spearman correlation coefficient method, there was a significant increase of Type 5 cell (monocular brown adipose tissue cell) in 4 month and 20 month rats, compared to 1 month and 2 month rats (p less than 0.05). Immunohistochemical study of BAT showed localization of DBH in perivascular mesenchymal cells which corresponded with the morphologic distribution of catecholamine as reported by Lever. The results suggest that in the processes of aging in the rat there are reductions in the ratio of g IBATW/g BW, NA and the activity in DBH.
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PMID:[The influence of the sympathetic nervous system on brown adipose tissue: an experimental and histopathologic study on aging]. 176 Nov 39

High molecular weight B cell growth factor (HMW-BCGF) and the complement component, Factor B, are antigenically related. HMW-BCGF and the physiologic Factor B activation fragment Bb, are both mitogenic for B lymphocytes and compete for binding to the B cell plasma membrane (Peters, M., Ambrus, J. L., Jr., Fauci, A., and Brown, E. (1988) J. Exp. Med. 168, 1225-1235). To understand which second messengers that occur after ligand-receptor interaction are associated with mitogenesis, we have examined the early signaling events after stimulation of activated B cells with these related growth factors. HMW-BCGF but not Bb increased [cAMP]i with a maximum between 45 and 60 min after stimulation. The increase in [cAMP]i was inhibited by indomethacin, suggesting that prostaglandin synthesis is involved in this response. Increase in [cAMP]i induced by HMW-BCGF, cholera toxin, or dibutyryl cAMP was associated with increased expression of the HMW-BCGF receptor, but there was no increase in proliferation of activated B cells when they were stimulated with cAMP agonists other than HMW-BCGF. These data suggest that cAMP is associated with regulation of receptor expression but is neither necessary nor sufficient for induction of proliferation. Both HMW-BCGF and Bb increased cellular levels of diacylglycerol and a water-soluble molecule which could be labeled with both [3H]myoinositol and [14C] glucosamine. However, only HMW-BCGF induced increases in intracellular calcium. Thus, two antigenically related B cell growth factors, HMW-BCGF and Bb, produce overlapping but distinct sets of second messengers after incubation with Sac-activated B cells. Since both induced increases in diacylglycerol and water-soluble inositol, one or both of these molecules may be involved in the proliferative signal generated by the related growth factors. In contrast, the increase in [cAMP]i caused by HMW-BCGF but not Bb is involved in the signal to increase HMW-BCGF receptor expression, but is unrelated to proliferation.
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PMID:Intracellular signaling events associated with the induction of proliferation of normal human B lymphocytes by two different antigenically related human B cell growth factors (high molecular weight B cell growth factor (HMW-BCGF) and the complement factor Bb). 184 85

Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments have been used to investigate the Mn(2+)-binding site in a series of lectins including concanavalin A, pea lectin (Pisum sativum), isolectin A from lentil (Lens culinaris), soybean agglutinin (Glycine max), Erythrina indica lectin, and Lotus tetragonolobus isoelectin A. Together with model studies, the results provide direct evidence for a single nitrogen atom of a conserved residue bonded directly to Mn2+ in all of them. ESEEM measurements of the lectins exchanged with deuterium oxide, together with model studies, provide evidence for the presence of two water molecules coordinated to the Mn2+ in all of the proteins. In contrast to concanavalin A, the absence of solvent exchange at the Mn2+ site in the pea and lentil lectins demonstrated by nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion measurements [Bhattacharyya, L., Brewer, C.F., Brown, R. D., III, & Koenig, S. H. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4985-4990] must therefore be due to slow exchange of the water ligands of the bound Mn2+. Binding of saccharides was observed to have little effect on the structural features of the Mn2+ site in the lectins as determined by ESEEM.
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PMID:Electron spin echo envelope modulation studies of lectins: evidence for a conserved Mn(2+)-binding site. 185 Jun 25

To quantitate the structural changes in the airways that contribute to the late bronchial response (LR) to antigen challenge we killed six Brown-Norway rats, sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) and challenged by aerosol, during the LR and compared the dimensions of the intraparenchymal airways with those of six control animals. Lungs were rapidly frozen with liquid nitrogen and fixed in Carnoy's solution. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron. At the time of the LR (382 +/- 39 min after OA challenge), RL increased from the baseline value (0.067 +/- 0.034 cm H2O.ml-1.s) by 0.107 +/- 0.03 cm H2O.ml-1.s (p less than 0.05). RL did not change significantly in the control rats. The lumen size and the wall area of all membranous airways were measured and were corrected for airway size by dividing by the basement membrane length squared (BM2). There was no increase in airway wall area in OA-challenged animals. However, the lumen of large airways (BM: 2.0 to 2.99 mm) was significantly less for the OA-challenged animals (0.039 +/- 0.0055 mm2) than for the control animals (0.058 +/- 0.0063 mm2; p less than 0.05). In six additional rats, the distribution of mast cells (MC) in the bronchial tree was determined. Tissues were fixed with Carnoy's solution and stained with a modified May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain. There were significantly more MC in the large airways than in medial or small airways. We conclude that smooth muscle constriction of large airways and not airway wall edema accounts for the LR in the rat. The distribution of the mast cells corresponds closely to the site of bronchoconstriction.
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PMID:Morphometry of the airways during late responses to antigen challenge in the rat. 198 69

This article featured nurse Betty Seunarine and her efforts as a health care teacher in the Dominican Republic. She fulfilled a dream by accepting a temporary volunteer placement through the Medical Group Missions. She found the work invigorating and arranged to come back in a year for a much longer placement. She lived in a guest house at Santana Hospital and quickly learned the hospital routine. She then walked into the barrio where she would be working, (population of approximately 5,000). She was upset at the poor housing, poor sanitation and lack of clean water. Betty was put in charge of health education and community medicine. She organized weekly talks on health topics such as high blood pressure, prenatal care and birth control. She established tremendous rapport with the community and was a particular favorite of the children. She learned most of their names and kept after them to practice good hygiene and to wear the plastic boots that she had given them to prevent hookworm. She created a 10 week course for village health care workers and has seen 33 graduate. This course typifies her attitude toward mission service, which is to offer hope and the skills that people need to be effective forces for themselves. Betty was born in Trinidad. She earned a B.S. in science from York University in Canada and graduated nursing school at George Brown College. She worked as an R.N. in orthopedics at Mt. Sinai Hospital.
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PMID:Flip charts and fluorescent boots: health teaching in the Dominican Republic. 221 2


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