Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the expression of mRNA of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF receptor 1 in rat retina after laser photocoagulation using in situ hybridization method. Pigmented rats (Brown Norway strain) received weak photocoagulation by krypton laser (500 microns, 0.05 sec, 60 mW) in the posterior retina. On 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days after laser photocoagulation, the rats were fixed by perfusion with phosphate-buffered 4% paraformaldehyde and the eyes were enucleated. The eyes were further fixed by immersion in the same fixative, then quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and finally sectioned with a cryostat. In situ hybridization was performed on frozen sections with digoxigenin (DIG) labeled riboprobes synthesized from rat bFGF cDNA and FGF receptor 1 cDNA. In normal chorioretinal tissue, the signals of bFGF and FGF receptor 1 mRNA were seen in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. On day 3 after photocoagulation, we observed expression of bFGF and FGF receptor 1 mRNA in the proliferating retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and endothelial cells of choriocapillaris at the photocoagulated lesion. We also observed expression of bFGF mRNA in some macrophage-like cells. On day 14 after photocoagulation, these expressions had disappeared. Our results suggest that bFGF may be involved in the process of retinal wound healing after laser photocoagulation.
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PMID:[Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor in the process of wound healing of rat retina after laser photocoagulation]. 864 38

We have recently demonstrated that tissue resistance increases during the early response (ER) to antigen challenge in sensitized Brown-Norway rats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the potential ER mediators 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and leukotriene D4 (LTD4) in the airway and tissue response. We sensitized the rats with ovalbumin (OA) and performed experiments on anesthetized, open-chested, mechanically ventilated [breathing frequency = 1 Hz, tidal volume = 12 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 3 cmH2O] animals. We affixed alveolar capsules to the lungs to measure alveolar pressure and calculated the resistance of lung (RL), tissue (Rti), and airway (Raw). To assess the effects of LTD4 and 5-HT, we administered the antagonists methysergide (5-HT antagonist) and MK-571 (LTD4 antagonist) before challenge. To assess lung morphometry during the ER, the lungs of four animals from each group were frozen with liquid nitrogen (PEEP = 3 cmH2O). Airway constriction was assessed by measuring the ratio of the airway lumen to the ideally relaxed airway (Abm/A*bm). Tissue distortion was assessed by measuring the mean linear intercept between alveolar walls (Lm), an atelectasis index (ATI) derived by calculating the ratio of tissue to air space, and SD of the two (SD-Lm and SD-ATI). In all animals receiving OA but no antagonists, an ER was seen (RL, Rti, and Raw = 180.7 +/- 6.1, 155.4 +/- 8.2, and 223.1 +/- 14.0% of baseline, respectively). Methysergide significantly inhibited the ER (RL, Rti, and Raw = 117.0 +/- 5.9, 101.2 +/- 1.6, 133.7 +/- 10.2%, respectively), whereas MK-571 partially reduced the ER (RL, Rti, and Raw = 144.2 +/- 5.6, 132.9 +/- 5.7, and 155.5 +/- 9.2%, respectively). Abm/A*bm was significantly decreased, and SD-Lm and SD-ATI were significantly increased in animals receiving OA alone and in those receiving MK-571 before OA challenge. These data suggest that alterations in both airways and tissues contribute to the ER and that 5-HT and, to a lesser degree, LTD4 are important mediators of the ER in this rat model of extrinsic asthma.
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PMID:Airway and tissue behavior during early response in sensitized rats: role of 5-HT and LTD4. 892 2

In work previously reported (J. A. Gutierrez, P. J. Crowley, D. P. Brown, J. D. Hillman, P. Youngman, and A. S. Bleiweis, J. Bacteriol. 178:4166-4175, 1996), a Tn917 transposon-generated mutant of Streptococcus mutans JH1005 unable to synthesize glutamate anaerobically was isolated and the insertion point of the transposon was determined to be in the icd gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH). The intact icd gene of S. mutans has now been isolated from an S. mutans genomic plasmid library by complementation of an icd mutation in Escherichia coli host strain EB106. Genetic analysis of the complementing plasmid pJG400 revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,182 nucleotides which encoded an enzyme of 393 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 43 kDa. The nucleotide sequence contained regions of high (60 to 72%) homology with icd genes from three other bacterial species. Immediately 5' of the icd gene, we discovered an ORF of 1,119 nucleotides in length, designated citZ, encoding a homolog of known citrate synthase genes from other bacteria. This ORF encoded a predicted protein of 372 amino acids with a molecular mass of 43 kDa. Furthermore, plasmid pJG400 was also able to complement a citrate synthase (gltA) mutation of E. coli W620. The enzyme activities of both ICDH, found to be NAD+ dependent, and citrate synthase were measured in cell extracts of wild-type S. mutans and E. coli mutants harboring plasmid pJG400. The region 5' from the citZ gene also revealed a partial ORF encoding 264 carboxy-terminal amino acids of a putative aconitase gene. The genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that S. mutans possesses the enzymes required to convert acetyl coenzyme A and oxalacetate to alpha-ketoglutarate, which is necessary for the synthesis of glutamic acid. Indeed, S. mutans JH1005 was shown to assimilate ammonia as a sole source of nitrogen in minimal medium devoid of organic nitrogen sources.
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PMID:Role of the citrate pathway in glutamate biosynthesis by Streptococcus mutans. 900 16

To characterize some of the physiological features of Japanese beef breeds, plasma concentrations of insulin and metabolites and carcass composition were measured in five Japanese Black, five Japanese Brown, and four Holstein steers (6.2 mo; 164 kg). The steers were raised under typical feeding conditions in Japan until they were slaughtered at 600 to 700 kg BW. Blood samples were collected at 8 mo of age (average BW, 194 kg) and at 300, 400, 500, and 600 kg BW. Plasma insulin concentrations increased with BW in all three breeds and were greater (P < .05) in Japanese Blacks than in the Japanese Browns or Holsteins at 400 and 600 kg BW. The Japanese Blacks exhibited lower (P < .05) plasma glucose levels at 300, 400, and 600 kg BW compared with Holsteins. Regardless of the breed, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations increased with BW. The two Japanese breeds had greater (P < .05) PUN levels than Holsteins at 300 and 600 kg BW. Total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations tended to decrease above 300 kg BW in the Holsteins; however, the concentrations of both metabolites were elevated in the steers of Japanese breeds at 500 and 600 kg BW (P < .05). Breed did not affect the plasma concentrations of albumin, triglycerides, and NEFA. The Japanese breeds had higher (P < .01) dressing percentage, greater (P < .05) carcass fat proportion, and a lower proportion of carcass bone (P < .01) than the Holsteins. These results indicate that there are breed differences in plasma levels of insulin and certain metabolites and carcass composition among Japanese breeds and Holstein.
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PMID:Plasma insulin, metabolite concentrations, and carcass characteristics of Japanese Black, Japanese Brown, and Holstein steers. 942 3

Accurate and detailed amino acid determinations were carried out on nine northern adapted soybean cultivars to ascertain whether their amino acid profiles could be used as potentially useful indices for assessing their protein quality. The cultivars were Maple Amber, Maple Donovan, Maple Glen, Maple Isle, Maple Presto, Maple Ridge, and three brown seed coat near-isogenic lines, Maple Presto Brown, Maple Ridge Brown, and Maple Arrow Brown. Their total protein and amino acid composition were compared with those of an established cultivar, Maple Arrow. Mean protein values for the new cultivars ranged from 30.1 to 33.1% compared to Maple Arrow, which was 33.2%. The total nitrogen content was also variable among these cultivars, ranging from 5.0 to 5.4%. All nine Maple series soybean cultivars were higher in their essential amino acid (EAA) content, that is, EAA(9) = 45.2-46.5%, than the FAO/WHO reference protein pattern value of EAA(9) = 33.9%, for a 2-5-year-old child. Each of the nine new soybean cultivars was limited only in methionine and to a lesser extent in valine and isoleucine and had a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of 91% for all cultivars, compared to the value of egg protein (97%). These results suggest that the most accurate evaluation of protein quality in soybeans, and possibly other legumes and cereals, is by the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score.
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PMID:Assessment of the protein quality of nine northern adapted yellow and brown seed coated soybean cultivars by amino acid analysis. 1060 65

Nitrogen-separated carbocation-carboxylate ion pairs were employed as sources of carbocations in the alkylation of aromatic compounds. The N-nitrosoamide approach to these nitrogenous-molecule-separated ion pairs is an excellent alternative to the standard acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts approach for studies of the alkylation because of the following variables: high reactivity of the electrophile, stability of the products, strict kinetic control, homogeneity, lack of overalkylation, straightforward chemistry, and good product balance. In deaminative benzylations of benzene-toluene and anisole-benzene mixtures, the values of k(X)/k(B) and % meta isomer are significantly different from those observed in the standard benzylations in a manner that indicates the deaminative electrophiles are more reactive than those generated by the standard Friedel-Crafts approach. The reactions show a direct proportionality between inter- and intramolecular selectivities and thus follow the Brown selectivity relationship (BSR). The benzylation of 2,4, 6-trideuteriotoluene provided no evidence for deuterium rearrangements (or coupled benzyl rearrangements) in the arenium ion intermediate. Kinetic isotope effects were not detected. The methyl substituent on toluene appears to affect intermolecular selectivity (k(T)/k(B)) and intramolecular selectivity (o, m, p distribution) to similar degrees. A mechanism is proposed in which both selectivities are determined by activation energy differences in the transition states leading to the sigma-complex intermediates. The observation that most standard Friedel-Crafts benzylations do not follow the BSR is discussed in terms of possible systematic errors in those cases. Silver ion-assisted Friedel-Crafts benzylations were performed under dry, basic conditions to investigate whether the standard approach could lead to data that obey the BSR.
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PMID:A study of N-nitrosoamide-mediated friedel-crafts type benzylation of benzene-toluene and benzene-Anisole(1)(a) 1081 63

High-sensitivity, high-resolution intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS) has been used to measure line intensities, nitrogen-broadening coefficients, and self-broadening coefficients in the A band (b(1)Sigma(+)(g) <-- X(3)Sigma(-)(g)) of oxygen. Both linear cavity and ring cavity ICLAS configurations were used for these measurements, and the results were intercompared. The results were compared to values measured using long-path multiple-reflection cells by K. D. Ritter and T. D. Wilkinson [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 121, 1-19 (1987)] and L. Brown and C. Plymate, [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 199, 166-179 (2000)]. New results are included for weakly absorbing transitions, not observed in the earlier measurements, such as high rotational states (up to J = 39), hot-band transitions (v' = 1 <-- v" = 1), and isotopically substituted species ((18)O(2) and (16)O(18)O). Isotopic variants ((16)O(2), (18)O(2), and (16)O(18)O) have similar broadening coefficients for corresponding rotational levels, but the self-broadening coefficients are larger in the hot band (v' = v" = 1) as compared with v' = v" = 0 transitions. An ECS-EP scaling analysis of the v' = v" = 0 self-broadening data accurately represents the available data, with the exception of the N = 0 and N = 1 levels. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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PMID:Intensity Measurements and Collision-Broadening Coefficients for the Oxygen A Band Measured by Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy. 1081 83

The effects of adding lysine and/or methionine to a ration of calculated deficiency in these amino acids of 10% and 20%, respectively, were studied in 24 Brown Swiss cows. The mixed rations (27% grass silage, 19% maize silage, 5% hay and 49% concentrate on DM basis) contained 14.5% CP on average. Lysine supply was selectively elevated by adding fish meal in exchange for other concentrate ingredients. Methionine was supplied in a rumen-protected form. Milk protein content was elevated whereas fat amount decreased by adding both amino acids. Lactose content increased without additional lysine from fish meal. Live weight, milk yield, milk fat content and protein amount remained unaffected by any variation of amino acids supply. Also nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance were not changed by the treatments. Blood plasma concentrations confirmed the assumed variation in metabolic lysine and, less clear, methionine supply. Effects on plasma concentrations of other amino acids were relatively small. Most plasma hormones and enzymes, and metabolites in plasma, urine and milk did not respond to the variation in amino acid supply. Lysine addition via fish meal increased aspartate amino transferase and decreased urinary allantoin concentration. Additional methionine elevated plasma ornithine. Overall lysine and methionine appear to have been only marginally deficient in the unsupplemented ration fed for 3 weeks despite the deficiency of 10% to 20% as calculated by the I.N.R.A. method.
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PMID:Lactational and metabolic effects in cows of lysine and methionine added to a ration deficient according to the I.N.R.A. method. 1119 8

1. The aim of this study was to determine the nitrogen balance and the performance of laying hens fed on diets with a protein content lower than the diets currently used in commercial practice but with adequate concentrations of lysine, sulphur amino acids, tryptophan and threonine. 2. Ninety-six Hy-Line Brown hens, 24 weeks old, were divided into 3 groups of 8 replicates and received, for 16 weeks, diets formulated to have 3 different protein concentrations: 170 (control), 150 and 130 g/kg CP and the same energy content. For each protein concentration, the contents of lysine, methionine, methionine+cystine, tryptophan and threonine were maintained at minimum requirement concentrations by supplying synthetic amino acids. 3. In the first half of the trial, egg production and egg weight were similar in all groups. From the 9th week onwards group 150 CP laid heavier eggs and had a slightly lower egg deposition and total mass. Food conversion ratio was best in the control group. 4. Nitrogen intake was related to the protein concentration of the diet, the food intake being almost the same in the 3 experimental groups. Faecal nitrogen content significantly and linearly decreased with reduction in dietary protein content and was about 50% of the intake. Considering the nitrogen faecal/intake ratio, the 150 CP group showed better nitrogen utilisation at each sampling time.
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PMID:Nitrogen retention and performance of brown laying hens on diets with different protein content and constant concentration of amino acids and energy. 1142 31

Renal cortical brush-border (BBM), basolateral membrane (BLM), and medullary plasma membrane (mPM) preparations were analyzed to assess the effects of life-long food restriction in aged rats on membrane lipid content. Young male Fischer 344 x Brown-Norway F1 rats consumed food ad libitum (young AL) or were food-restricted (FR, 60% of AL consumption) for either 6 weeks (young FR) or until the age of 30 months old (old FR). Senescent FR rats had 50 per cent decreases in fractional excretion of Na and K (p < 0.001) as compared with the young AL rats. Long-term FR reduced phosphate and titratable acid excretion by 80 per cent (p < 0.001). These values were not significantly different from those observed in young rats during 6 weeks of FR. Food restriction decreased renal Na, K-ATPase activity by 50 per cent (p < 0.001) in both old and young FR animals. Reduction of food intake, in old and young rats, decreased all BBM phospholipid concentrations (phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin) by 50 per cent than in the AL rats (p < 0.001). In BLM, chronic FR resulted only in lower phosphatidylcholine concentration (by 21%, p < 0.05) while phosphatidylethanolamine was increased approximately 80 per cent (p < 0.001). Total phospholipid content in mPM was progressively decreased by 23 per cent (p < 0.05) in the young FR group to be 55 per cent (p < 0.001) in the old FR rats. Cholesterol content was reduced in BBM and mPM by 38 per cent and 25 per cent (p < 0.05), respectively, during long-term FR. Both total phospholipid and cholesterol contents detected in mPM of the old FR rats were significantly lower than those obtained from the young FR animals (by 42%, p < 0.001 and 12%, p < 0.05, respectively). Plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and body weight maintained at significantly lower levels during chronic FR. That life-long FR could prevent renal membrane lipid deposition and could lower renal work may explain the mechanisms that FR can delay the onset and diminish the severity of age-associated renal diseases.
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PMID:Life-long food restriction prevents renal membrane lipid deposition and lowers renal work in rats. 1152 48


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