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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Twenty-four energy and nitrogen balances were determined using twenty-four crossbred cows (Brown Swiss X Sahiwal) during their midstage of lactation. Energy balances were estimated by subtracting milk energy and heat production from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. The cows were given amounts corresponding to 90, 110 and 130% of the ME and 90 and 110% of the digestible crude protein (DCP) standards of the (US) National Research Council (1966). 2. Energy requirements were estimated by partitioning the ME intake for maintenance, milk production and energy gain or loss by multiple regression of energy balance values. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess N intake. 3. Energy requirements for maintenance were 585-18, 580-17 and 574-41 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d for cows in negative balance, cows in positive balance and for all cows, respectively. 4. The efficiency of utilization of ME for milk production was 68-52, 65-48 and 66-12% respectively, for cows in negative balance, for cows in positive balance and all cows. Energy required per kg fat-corrected milk production was 4-580, 4-791 and 4-746 MJ ME for the respective groups of cows. 5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for tissue gain was 67-67 and 64-86% for cows in positive balance and for all cows respectively.
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PMID:Utilization of dietary energy for maintenance, milk production and lipogenesis by lactating crossbred cows during their midstage of lactation. 55 30

1. Twenty-seven energy and protein balances were done using nine cross-bred (Brown Swiss times Sahiwal) mature bullocks in a series of three balance trials. The bullocks were fed 75, 100 and 125 percent of the metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein standard values recommended by the (US) National Research Council (1966). Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. 2. Utilization of energy for maintenance and fat production was estimated by computing regression of energy balance v. digestible energy (DE) and ME separately on a metabolic body size (kg body-weight (W)0-75) basis. Maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of utilization of ME for lipogenesis were estimated using multiple regression of ME intake, also. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess nitrogen intake. 3. An attempt was made to measure basal heat production of bullocks so that the net energy requirements for maintenance could be estimated. Extrapolation of the regression line of energy balance v. ME intake below maintenance on a W0-75 basis gave a basal metabolism of 348-09 kJ/W0-75 per d. 4. Energy requirements for maintenance were (kJ/kg W0-75 per d): 539-43 DE, 448-81 ME and 348-09 net energy. The results of multiple regression gave a requirement of 432-15 kJ ME/kg W0-75 per d for maintenance. 5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 81-34 percent while for lipogenesis it was 54-5 percent.
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PMID:Maintenance requirements for energy in cross-bred cattle. 111 55

Milks from commercial dairy herds in Southeastern Pennsylvania were analyzed for total protein, casein, whey protein, beta-lactoglobulin, nonprotein nitrogen, and lactose contents. Data for fat contents and milk yields were from Dairy Herd Improvement Association records for the same lactation. Milk samples were from a single milking of healthy cows (151) in midlactation. Since the remainder of the milk was returned to the bulk milk of the farm, the data represent market milk composition. The data were grouped and analyzed by breed and beta-lactoglobulin phenotype; there were 18 to 33 cows per breed. In true protein percentage, the breeds ranked: Jersey 4.07 plus or minus .49, Brown Swiss 3.84 plus or minus .47, Guernsey 3.56 plus or minus .53, Ayrshire 3.30 plus or minus .52, Milking Shorthorn 3.17 plus or minus .47, Holstein 3.07 plus or minus .43. Breeds differed in all other components and in milk yield. Brown Swiss ranked highest in yield of protein. Only whey protein and beta-lactoglobulin contents were influenced by the beta-lactoglobulin genotype with beta-lactoglobulin A greater than AB greater than B in whey protein content.
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PMID:Composition of milks of dairy cattle. I. Protein, lactose, and fat contents and distribution of protein fraction. 114 80

The course of browning was more rapid in mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters with casein that in those of the same lipids with formaldehyde-treated casein or with an inert inorganic substrate (barium sulphate or sodium sulphate). On the contrary, the content of oxidation products (peroxides and aldehydes) was much higher in lipids mixed with formaldehydetreated casein or with inorganic substrates. The results obtained with albumin were similar. The ratio of red to yellow pigments was higher in mixtures with non-treated casein than in the other two investigated reaction mistures. Brown pigments contained only low per centages of nitrogen.
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PMID:Nonenzymic browning. XI. Effect of free amino groups on browning reactions in lipid-protein mixtures. 114 20

In rabbits transplanted Brown-Pearce carcinoma the content of nitrous compounds in tissues is changed in a different way: in the liver and kidneys -- nitrous compounds are accumulated, while in cardiac and skeletal muscles their concentration is diminished. It is found that tumor cells in mice with Ehrlich carcinoma accumulate radioactive aminoacid considerably faster than adjacent tissues not involved by neoplasma. A continuous glucose administration in tumor-bearing rabbits renders a marked nitrogen-saving effect by means of attenuation of catabolism of myoproteins, as a result of it the balance between the processes of synthesis and catabolism in host tissues is shifted toward synthesis.
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PMID:[Correlation of some nitrogenous compounds in the blood and tissues of tumor-bearing rabbits in hyperglycemia]. 119 83

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contributions of airway wall edema and smooth muscle contraction to the early response (ER) of allergic bronchoconstriction. Brown Norway rats, 6 to 7 wk old, were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA). Anesthetized rats were challenged with either OA or saline 2 wk later. Pulmonary resistance (RL) was measured every minute until either it increased to 150% of the baseline, defined as a significant ER, or until 15 min elapsed. Eight OA-challenged test rats with a significant ER and eight saline-challenged control rats were used for morphometric studies. The lungs were quick-frozen with liquid nitrogen, processed with freeze substitution, and sagittal sections (5 microns) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The airway lumen subtended by the epithelial basement membrane (LuB) and cross sectional airway wall area (AW) of all airways were measured by camera lucida and digitization. The LuB and AW of each airway was standardized for size by dividing by the ideal airway lumen (LuBideal), which was calculated from the length of basement membrane, assuming a perfect circle in the unconstricted state. The cumulative frequency distribution of the LuB/LuBideal for the airways from test rats was shifted to the left compared with the control rats (p less than 0.01), indicating airway narrowing after challenge. Airway narrowing increased as a function of airway size. Cumulative frequency distributions of AW/LuBideal showed that there was a significant increase in the wall thickness of only the small airways of test animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Morphometric changes during the early airway response to allergen challenge in the rat. 141 93

Exclusive breast feeding in developing countries is used by women for a very short period. The major reason given for supplementation with other fluid is the maintenance of water homeostasis. Theoretically, 80-100 ml/kg is the average daily fluid requirement for the first week; between 3-6 months, the need is for 140-160 ml/kg. the need varies with concentration of the feeds, energy consumption, activity, rate of growth, and environmental temperature and humidity. Because breast milk has a low concentration of sodium, chloride, potassium, and nitrogen only a small amount of fluid intake is needed for excretory functions. Almroth's model of basic fluid needs for a Western 4-month-old male infant are used to calculate fluid requirements; the results indicate that an exclusively breast fed infant in a hot climate would not need additional water. Estimates for an Indian infant weighing 5.5 kg at 4 months support these findings. Other scientific findings are reviewed based on clinical evidence; the risks associated with supplementation and the role of medical personnel in encouraging supplementation are also discussed. Evidence from a survey of 70 physicians and 34 nurses revealed that all considered breast milk superior to bottle feeding. 97% of nurses and 63% of doctors thought that water supplementation was necessary during the summer. The volume recommended by nurses was 180-240 ml, which was almost twice the amount recommended by doctors. Nurses recommended supplementation 1-24 times a day, while doctors suggested adopting it 2-10 times a day. There were 6 studies which tested the validity of water need based on different methodologies: Almroth (2 studies), Armelini, Goldberg, Brown, and Sachdev. Hydration was measured by specific gravity or osmolality in 4 reports, and 2 others considered breast milk intakes and urine output. One study compared exclusive breast feeding with a control receiving water supplementation. The conclusion is that water supplementation in the first 6 months is not necessary and should be actively discouraged. The education of the general public and health personnel is urgently needed. Supplementation is associated with health risks such as diarrheal morbidity or mortality, decreased milk intake, and early stops to breast feeding.
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PMID:Do exclusively breast fed infants need fluid supplementation? 150 14

Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments have been used to investigate the Mn(2+)-binding site in a series of lectins including concanavalin A, pea lectin (Pisum sativum), isolectin A from lentil (Lens culinaris), soybean agglutinin (Glycine max), Erythrina indica lectin, and Lotus tetragonolobus isoelectin A. Together with model studies, the results provide direct evidence for a single nitrogen atom of a conserved residue bonded directly to Mn2+ in all of them. ESEEM measurements of the lectins exchanged with deuterium oxide, together with model studies, provide evidence for the presence of two water molecules coordinated to the Mn2+ in all of the proteins. In contrast to concanavalin A, the absence of solvent exchange at the Mn2+ site in the pea and lentil lectins demonstrated by nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion measurements [Bhattacharyya, L., Brewer, C.F., Brown, R. D., III, & Koenig, S. H. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4985-4990] must therefore be due to slow exchange of the water ligands of the bound Mn2+. Binding of saccharides was observed to have little effect on the structural features of the Mn2+ site in the lectins as determined by ESEEM.
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PMID:Electron spin echo envelope modulation studies of lectins: evidence for a conserved Mn(2+)-binding site. 185 Jun 25

To quantitate the structural changes in the airways that contribute to the late bronchial response (LR) to antigen challenge we killed six Brown-Norway rats, sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) and challenged by aerosol, during the LR and compared the dimensions of the intraparenchymal airways with those of six control animals. Lungs were rapidly frozen with liquid nitrogen and fixed in Carnoy's solution. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron. At the time of the LR (382 +/- 39 min after OA challenge), RL increased from the baseline value (0.067 +/- 0.034 cm H2O.ml-1.s) by 0.107 +/- 0.03 cm H2O.ml-1.s (p less than 0.05). RL did not change significantly in the control rats. The lumen size and the wall area of all membranous airways were measured and were corrected for airway size by dividing by the basement membrane length squared (BM2). There was no increase in airway wall area in OA-challenged animals. However, the lumen of large airways (BM: 2.0 to 2.99 mm) was significantly less for the OA-challenged animals (0.039 +/- 0.0055 mm2) than for the control animals (0.058 +/- 0.0063 mm2; p less than 0.05). In six additional rats, the distribution of mast cells (MC) in the bronchial tree was determined. Tissues were fixed with Carnoy's solution and stained with a modified May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain. There were significantly more MC in the large airways than in medial or small airways. We conclude that smooth muscle constriction of large airways and not airway wall edema accounts for the LR in the rat. The distribution of the mast cells corresponds closely to the site of bronchoconstriction.
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PMID:Morphometry of the airways during late responses to antigen challenge in the rat. 198 69

Cyclosporine metabolites (CM) were compared with cyclosporine for their in vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects using (A) in vitro mixed lymphocyte induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity (PCA), an accurate marker of allograft rejection; (B) in vitro toxic effects on renal cells in culture; and (C) a unidirectional rejection model of rat small intestinal transplantation (SIT). CM were composed of OL1, OL17, OL18, and two additional peaks C and H, (peak C: mass = 1235, 15.3% of total CM, peak H: mass = 1205, 6.3% of total CM). In vitro, CM fully suppressed the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture-induced PCA from 52.5 +/- 8.2 mU/10(6) PBM to the basal level 22.3 +/- 6.6 mU/10(6) PBM (P less than 0.01), which was comparable to CsA (21.3 +/- 5.5 mU/10(6) PBM). Lewis rats that had received Lewis-Brown Norway F1 hybrid intestinal allografts when treated with CM, demonstrated near-normal histology with minimal signs of rejection as compared with the fulminant clinical and histological rejection observed in the control (untreated and Cremaphor/NaCl treated) animals. PCA was markedly elevated in the control animals, 278 +/- 172 (untreated) and 160 +/- 98 mU/10(6) PBM (Cremaphor/normal saline treated), whereas CsA-treated allogeneic transplants expressed only basal levels of PCA (14.0 +/- 4 mU/10(6) PBM) (P less than 0.01), associated with normal histology. CM-treated animals expressed PCA levels of 27.0 +/- 10 mU/10(6) PBM, which was significantly different from both control and CsA-treated animals (P less than 0.01). In contrast to CsA-treated animals, CM-treated allogeneic transplants demonstrated no apparent renal or hepatic toxicity, as measured by blood urea nitrogen (25.3 +/- 9.5 vs. 10.0 +/- 5.3 mg/dl), alkaline phosphatase (160.7 +/- 29.3 vs. 100.3 +/- 19.5 U/L), and aspartate transaminase (96.7 +/- 23.7 vs. 61.7 +/- 11.7 U/L) (P less than 0.01). Similarly, in contrast to CsA, CM had minimal or no toxicity in renal epithelial and mesangial cells in culture, as measured by minimal or no inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. These results suggest that CM have potent immunosuppressive properties with no apparent nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:The effects of cyclosporine and cyclosporine metabolites in experimental small intestinal transplantation. 236 Feb 47


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