Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight adult female cattle (6 Holstein, 1 Jersey, 1 Brown Swiss) were used to determine the antagonistic effects of tolazoline, and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on xylazine-induced (via caudal epidural administration) depression of CNS, respiratory, and cardiovascular activity and rumen motility. A 2% solution of xylazine HCl was injected into the epidural space at the first coccygeal interspace, using a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 5-ml volume with sterile water, and administered at a rate of approximately 1 ml/30 s. Eight minutes after xylazine injection, either tolazoline (0.3 mg/kg) or saline solution (4 ml) was administered IV. All 8 cattle were treated, using both regimens in a random sequence; at least 1 week elapsed between treatments. Epidurally administered xylazine induced caudal analgesia (S3 to coccyx), as evaluated by no response to superficial and deep muscular pinprick, and induced sedation, cardiopulmonary depression, and inhibition of rumen motility, but all cattle remained standing. Tolazoline effectively reversed xylazine-induced rumen hypomotility, and partially antagonized xylazine-induced cardiopulmonary depression without affecting sedation and desirable local (S3 to coccyx) analgesic effects.
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PMID:Influence of tolazoline on caudal epidural administration of xylazine in cattle. 232 14

Brown pigment(s) formed in Cryptococcus neoformans when grown on media containing extracts of the seeds of Guizotia abyssinica cannot be extracted by common organic solvents or by 6 n HCl or 2 n NaOH. A similar pigmentation was observed in C. neoformans when grown on a medium containing caffeic acid isolated from the hydrolyzed methanol extract of G. abyssinica seeds. Its methyl ester and the diacetate thereof, as well as the following structurally related compounds, 3-hydroxytyramine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanolamine, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid, brought about similar pigmentation. However, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid did not cause coloration in C. neoformans.
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PMID:Pigment production of Cryptococcus neoformans grown with extracts of Guizotia abyssinica. 511 9

In the preceeding paper (Brown, D. R., Roth, M. J., Reinberg, D., and Hurwitz, J. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 10545-10555), it was shown that following bacteriophage phi X174 (phi X) DNA synthesis in vitro using purified proteins, the phi X A protein could be detected covalently linked to nascent 32P-labeled DNA. This phi X A protein-[32P]DNA complex was the product of the reinitiation reaction. The phi X A protein-[32P]DNA complex could be trapped as a protein-32P-oligonucleotide complex by the inclusion of ddGTP in reaction mixtures. In this report, the structure of the phi X A protein-32P-oligonucleotide complex has been analyzed. The DNA sequence of the oligonucleotide bound to the phi X A protein has been determined and shown to be homologous to the phi X (+) strand sequence immediately adjacent (3') to the replication origin. The phi X A protein was directly linked to the 5' position of a dAMP residue of the oligonucleotide; this residue corresponded to position 4306 of the phi X DNA sequence. The phi X A protein-32P-oligonucleotide complex was exhaustively digested with either trypsin or proteinase K and the 32P-labeled proteolytic fragments were analyzed. Each protease yielded two different 32P-labeled peptides in approximately equimolar ratios. The two 32P-labeled peptides formed after digestion with trypsin (designated T1 and T2) and with proteinase K (designated PK1 and PK2) were isolated and characterized. Digestion of peptide T1 with proteinase K yielded a product which co-migrated with peptide PK2. In contrast, peptide T2 was unaffected by digestion with proteinase K. These results suggest that the phi X A protein contains two active sites that are each capable of binding covalently to DNA. The peptide-mononucleotide complexes T1-[32P]pdA and T2-[32P]pdA were isolated and subjected to acid hydrolysis in 6.0 N HCl. In each case, the major 32P-labeled products were identified as [32P] phosphotyrosine and [32P]Pi. This indicates that each active site of the phi X A protein participates in a phosphodiester linkage between a tyrosyl moiety of the protein and the 5' position of dAMP.
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PMID:Analysis of bacteriophage phi X174 gene A protein-mediated termination and reinitiation of phi X DNA synthesis. II. Structural characterization of the covalent phi X A protein-DNA complex. 623 16

Immunoreactive plasma motilin concentrations were studied following a variety of stimuli in 24 healthy fasting subjects. Plasma motilin was measured by a radioimmunoassay using antibody GP 71 (J. C. Brown) and natural porcine motilin as standard. Basal motilin levels ranged from undetectable to 365 pg/mL. Antral and intraduodenal infusion of 50 mL o.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) at 5 mL/min failed to alter significantly plasma motilin levels but duodenal acid infusions at 17 mL/min caused a significant increase (70.8 +/- 29.5 pg/mL, mean +/- SEM; n = 6), maximal at 40 min. Duodenal alkalinization with 50 mL 0.3 M Tris buffer (pH 8.0) infused at 5 mL/min produced no change in plasma motilin. A mixed meal did not affect plasma motilin levels. Ingestion of 60 g fat significantly increased plasma motilin (n = 13; maximal increase 150.3 +/- 43.3 pg/mL at 30 min) but duodenal infusions of fat failed to increase plasma motilin levels. These results suggest that motilin secretion induced by fat requires that the fat be present initially within the stomach for secretion to occur. We conclude that ingested fat is a potent stimulus of motilin release. As duodenal acidification (50 mL 0.1 N HCl over 10 min) induces duodenal activity resembling migrating motor complexes but does not release motilin, our data argue against the release of motilin following duodenal acidification as a trigger for the initiation of these complexes in man.
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PMID:Changes in plasma motilin concentration in response to manipulation of intragastric and intraduoduenal contents in man. 722 46

An appropriate procedure for analysis of cystine in the hair has been established, and this procedure was applied to the hair of Japanese women. The recovery of authentic cystine added to a hair sample was 85-90% in 6N HCl hydrolysis, and 96% in acid hydrolysis after performic acid oxidation. The 18-hr acid hydrolysis, but not 4-hr one, was sufficient to digest the hair. In colorimetry by using phosphotungstate, Brown's reagent gave a stable color development. The cystine content by amino acid autoanalysis was significantly correlated with that by the phosphotungstate colorimetry by the modified method of Kassel et al. or of Shinohara. The cystine content in women's hair, which was collected from specimens of different individuals cut during the period from 1910s to 1980, indicated a wide variation ranging from 0.654 to 1.607 mmol half-cystine per g of hair after washing with 0.5% sodium laurylsulfate.
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PMID:Analyses of cystine in human hair: its level in women's hair of former times. 732 Jul 71

To define the characteristics of the diurnal variation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes of awake rats, ten male brown Norway rats were entrained to a 12-hour light:12-hour dark (12L:12D) lighting schedule and were conditioned to IOP measurement with the TonoPen XL tonometer while awake, using only 0.5% proparacaine HCl anesthesia. The IOP measurements were performed in 4 experiments: Preliminary-IOP was measured at 6-hour intervals in both eyes of each animal, to determine correlation between right and left eyes; Light:Dark-lighting remained the same as in the preliminary experiment, but the measurement schedule was altered so that measurements were obtained at 4-hour intervals in alternating eyes, over two 24-hour light cycles; Dark:Dark-animals were placed in constant dark (0L:24D) and, after 72 h, measurements were obtained at 4-hour intervals in alternating eyes. Animals were then re-entrained to the previous 12L:12D schedule for 7 days, after which they were returned to constant dark and the experiment was repeated; and Dark:Light-animals were entrained to a reversed light:dark cycle (12D:12L) for 28 days, after which measurements were obtained in the same fashion as in the Light:Dark experiment. Close agreement was found between right- and left-eye IOPs. Animals on a 12L:12D schedule exhibited lowest IOP while the lights were on (19.3 +/- 1.9 mm Hg), and highest (31.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg) while the lights were off. Pressure changes anticipated the change from light to dark and dark to light. This pattern persisted in constant dark, and was reversed when the cycle was changed to 12D:12L. Brown Norway rats possess a regular rhythm of IOP that is entrained by the cycle of light and dark, and persistence of this rhythm in constant dark establishes it as a circadian rhythm. Furthermore, our results indicate that reliable and physiologically meaningful IOP measurements can be obtained in awake rats using the TonoPen XL tonometer.
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PMID:Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in the rat. 867 Jul 27

The aim of the study was to determine the role of opioids modulating the release of prolactin (PRL) in response to milking in sixteen Brown-Swiss dairy cows. Two experiments were carried out to measure the dose-related effect of morphine and the effect of the opioid antagonist naloxone (NAL), with or without morphine. In the first experiment, six cows were injected (via catheter) on 3 consecutive days after the control milking (0 mg) with 21, 70 and 210 mg morphine-HCl 10 min before the start of the morning milking. The second experiment was divided into two parts. In the first part, four cows were injected after control morning milking with 210 mg morphine, 10 min before the start of the following morning milking. This was followed on the next day by an application of 210 mg NAL (15 min before the start of milking) and 210 mg morphine. In the second part, after control milking for 1 d, six cows were injected with 210 mg NAL 10 min before milking. Morphine at the highest dose tended to stimulate basal PRL levels in the first and second experiments (P < 0.10). PRL increased in response to machine milking but morphine did not stimulate its release further. NAL alone, or when given with morphine did not influence the release of PRL in response to machine milking. However, NAL was effective in suppressing the increase in basal levels of PRL caused by morphine. In conclusion, although morphine tended to stimulate basal levels of PRL before milking, the release of PRL during milking seemed not to be regulated by opioids.
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PMID:The effect of morphine and naloxone on the release of prolactin during machine milking in dairy cows. 1291 21

The synthesis of the structurally unusual heterotricyclic compound 1-[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinyl]-2,8,9-trioxaadamantane-3,5,7-triol (trivially named bananin, BN) from pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol and a theoretical prospect on possible biological activities of BN are presented in this report. Pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol is synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of the vitamin B6 aldehyde pyridoxal with phloroglucinol. Pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol rearranges to light-yellow (4'RS)-1',4'-dihydrobananin by refluxing in 5M hydrochloric acid. Air oxidation subsequently forms BN in the heat which immediately yields orange-yellow (4'RS)-4'-chloro-1',4'-dihydrobananin by 1,4-addition of hydrogen chloride. This intermediate could be isolated but, interestingly, not a BN hydrochloride. Brown BN is finally achieved by base-catalyzed elimination of hydrogen chloride from (4'RS)-4'-chloro-1',4'-dihydrobananin. Regarding possible biological activities, it was demonstrated that BN acts as zinc (Zn2+) chelator. Therefore, a target of interest could be the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) zinc finger HIV-1 RNA-binding nucleocapsid protein p7 (NCp7). Through suggested zinc ejection from HIV-1 genomic RNA psi-element-binding and HIV-1-RNA-duplex packaging NCp7 by BN, thus rendering NCp7 functionally obsolete, it is deduced that HIV-1 replication and effective infectious virion encapsidation could be inhibited by BN. Furthermore, theoretical and structural considerations propose that BN is converted into bananin 5'-monophosphate (BNP) by the cell type-ubiquitous human enzyme pyridoxal kinase (EC 2.7.1.35). Together with the putative antilentiviral retinoid vitamin A-vitamin B6 conjugate analogue B6RA (Kesel, A. J. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 2003, 300, 793), BNP is postulated to serve as effector in a system of protein target sequences RX(D/E) of RNA virus components. Human immunodeficiency Retroviridae (HIVs) could possibly be influenced by B6RA and BNP. In addition, candidate targets of B6RA and BNP could be adsorption, transcription and/or viral RNA replication of an interestingly wide RNA virus selection including Picornaviridae (poliovirus, human coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus), Flaviviridae (yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, West Nile virus, Kunjin virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, hepatitis C virus), Togaviridae (rubella virus), Coronaviridae (human coronavirus, human SARS-associated coronavirus), Rhabdoviridae (rabies virus), Paramyxoviridae (human parainfluenza virus, measles virus, human respiratory syncytial virus), Filoviridae (Marburg virus, Ebola virus), Bornaviridae (Borna disease virus), Bunyaviridae (Hantaan virus), Arenaviridae (Lassa virus), and Reoviridae (human rotavirus). The postulated scope of 'metabolically trapped' BNP might resemble the antiviral spectrum of the RNA-viral virustatic ribavirin.
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PMID:A system of protein target sequences for anti-RNA-viral chemotherapy by a vitamin B6-derived zinc-chelating trioxa-adamantane-triol. 1452 57

Arsenic is naturally found in surface and ground waters and the inorganic forms of arsenic are the most toxic forms. The adverse health effects of arsenic may involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, nervous, and haematopoietic systems. Arsenic contamination in drinking water is a global problem widely seen in Bangladesh and West Bengal of the Indian sub continent. As there is a great demand for field test kits due to the anticipated reduction of the US EPA arsenic standard from 50ppb to 10ppb a field kit which offers rapid, simple and safe method for precise estimation of arsenic at 10ppb in drinking water samples is developed. Field methods, based on the mercuric-bromide-stain, consist of three different major parts, which are carried out stepwise. The first part of the procedure is to remove serious interference caused by hydrogen sulphide. In commercially available kits either the sulphide is oxidized to sulphate and the excess oxidizing reagent removed prior to the hydride generation step or, the hydrogen sulphide is filtered out by passing the gas stream through a filter impregnated with lead acetate during the hydride generation step. The present method employs cupric chloride in combination with ferric chloride or Fentonis reagent for the removal of hydrogen sulphide, which is rapid, simple and more efficient. Other interferences at this step of the analyses are normally not expected for drinking water analysis. In the second step, the generation of the arsine gas involves the classical way of using zinc metal and hydrochloric acid, which produce the enascenti hydrogen, which is the actual reducing agent. Hydrochloric acid can be replaced by sulfamic acid, which is solid and avoids a major disadvantage of having to handle a corrosive liquid in the field. The arsine gas produces a yellowish spot on the reagent paper. Depending on the arsenic content, either, Yellow n H (HgBr)2 As (10-50ppb), Brown n (HgBr)3 As (50-100ppb) or Black n Hg3 As2 (>100ppb) are formed which can be precisely estimated by visual comparison with standard color chart. The results obtained by field kits agree well with the data obtained through I.C.P.AES methods. The most important characteristic for field measurement is that analytical results can be obtained on the site where the sample is taken with high precision and can be conveniently utilized for monitoring arsenic rapidly in a highly contaminated large geographical area.
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PMID:Design and development of low cost, simple, rapid and safe, modified field kits for the visual detection and determination of arsenic in drinking water samples. 1670 35

By treatment of Zn-reduced ethanolic solutions of NbCl5 with HCl in the presence of sulfide followed by cation-exchange chromatography, two oxo-sulfido niobium aqua ions, the red [Nb4(mu4-S)(mu2-O)5(H2O)10]4+ and the yellow-brown [Nb5(mu3-S)2(mu3-O)2(mu2-O)2(H2O)14]8+, were isolated. Both readily form their respective thiocyanate complexes, for which the structure for the former has been previously reported. Brown crystals of (Me2NH2)6[Nb5S2O4(NCS)14].3.5H2O (1) were isolated in the case of the latter, and the structure was determined by X-ray crystallography (space group: a = 15.4018(5) A, b = 21.1932(8) A, c = 22.0487(8) A, alpha=gamma = 90 degrees , beta = 103.4590(10) degrees , and R(1) = 0.0659). An unprecedented pentanuclear Nb5S2O48+ core is revealed in which short Nb-Nb distances (2.7995(8)-2.9111(8) A) are consistent with metal-metal bonding. A stopped-flow kinetic study of the 1:1 equilibration of NCS- with [Nb4(mu4-S)(mu2-O)5(H2O)10]4+ has been carried out. Equilibration rate constants are independent of [H(+)] in the range investigated (0.5-2.0 M) and at 25 degrees C; kf= 9.5 M(-1) s(-1), kaq = 2.6 x 10(-2) s(-1), and K = 365 M1). Conditions with first NCS- and then [Nb4(mu4-S)(mu2-O)5(H2O)10]4+ in excess revealed a statistical factor of 4, suggesting the presence of four kinetically equivalent Nb atoms. Attempts to study the 1:1 substitution of NCS- with [Nb5(mu3-S)2(mu3-O)2(mu2-O)2(H2O)14]8+ showed signs of saturation kinetics. Quantum chemical calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) approach were performed on both the Nb4O5S4+ and Nb5O4S28+ naked clusters. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals have dominant Nb(4d) character. The HOMO for Nb4O5S4+ is a nondegenerate fully filled MO, whereas for Nb5O4S28+, it is a nondegenerate partially filled MO with one unpaired electron. EPR spectroscopy on [Nb5(mu3-S)2(mu3-O)2(mu2-O)2(H2O)14]8+ shows that the molecule has total anisotropy (C2v), with all three tensors, gx= 2.399, gy= 1.975, and gz= 1.531, resolved. No hyperfine interaction expected from the nuclear moment of I = 9/2 for 93Nb was observed.
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PMID:Preparation, properties, and reactivities of unprecedented oxo-sulfido Nb(IV) aqua ions and crystal structure of (Me2NH2)6[Nb5(mu3-S)2(mu3-O)2(mu2-O)2(NCS)14].3.5H2O. 1678 Mar 22


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