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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To characterize some of the physiological features of Japanese beef breeds, plasma concentrations of insulin and metabolites and carcass composition were measured in five Japanese Black, five Japanese Brown, and four Holstein steers (6.2 mo; 164 kg). The steers were raised under typical feeding conditions in Japan until they were slaughtered at 600 to 700 kg BW. Blood samples were collected at 8 mo of age (average BW, 194 kg) and at 300, 400, 500, and 600 kg BW. Plasma insulin concentrations increased with BW in all three breeds and were greater (P < .05) in Japanese Blacks than in the Japanese Browns or Holsteins at 400 and 600 kg BW. The Japanese Blacks exhibited lower (P < .05) plasma glucose levels at 300, 400, and 600 kg BW compared with Holsteins. Regardless of the breed, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations increased with BW. The two Japanese breeds had greater (P < .05) PUN levels than Holsteins at 300 and 600 kg BW. Total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations tended to decrease above 300 kg BW in the Holsteins; however, the concentrations of both metabolites were elevated in the steers of Japanese breeds at 500 and 600 kg BW (P < .05). Breed did not affect the plasma concentrations of albumin, triglycerides, and NEFA. The Japanese breeds had higher (P < .01) dressing percentage, greater (P < .05) carcass fat proportion, and a lower proportion of carcass bone (P < .01) than the Holsteins. These results indicate that there are breed differences in plasma levels of insulin and certain metabolites and carcass composition among Japanese breeds and Holstein.
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PMID:Plasma insulin, metabolite concentrations, and carcass characteristics of Japanese Black, Japanese Brown, and Holstein steers. 942 3

The second cysteine-rich (Cys-2) domain of rat brain PKC-gamma regulatory region C1 (92-173) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and purified. NMR studies of Cys-2 protein identified the phorbol and other phospholipid binding sites within this molecule (Xu, R.X., Pawelczyk, T., Xia, T-H. and Brown, S.T. (1997) Biochemistry 37, 10709-10717). Here, we tested the ability of this domain to bind other proteins. Using an overlay assay we show that the Cys-2 domain binds other proteins in Xenopus oocyte soluble fraction. Unlike the kinase activity, binding of Cys-2 to other proteins was detected in the absence of added phospholipids. Microinjection of Cys-2 protein into Xenopus leavis oocytes inhibited insulin-induced but not progesterone-induced maturation. The smallest dose that enhanced insulin-induced maturation was 0.45 x 10(-12) mol injected Cys-2. These results demonstrate that the PKC-gamma Cys-2 domain beside being the binding site for phorbol ester/DAG and phosphatidylserine binds also other proteins. The proteins that interact with Cys-2 domain of PKC are essential for insulin-induced maturation program in oocytes.
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PMID:Recombinant protein kinase C-gamma phorbol binding domain upon microinjection blocked insulin-induced maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. 950 36

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the capacity for uncoupled mitochondrial respiration and is proposed to be a key site for regulating energy expenditure in rodents. To better define the role of BAT in energy homeostasis, we previously created a line of transgenic mice with deficiency of BAT (UCP promoter-driven diphtheria toxin A transgenic mice [UCP-DTA]) mice. These mice develop obesity that initially is due to decreased energy expenditure and later accompanied by hyperphagia despite increased levels of circulating leptin. In addition, the obesity of these mice is accompanied by severe insulin-resistant diabetes and hyperlipidemia. To better define the basis for leptin resistance in this model, we treated UCP-DTA mice with leptin (300 microg i.p., b.i.d.) and compared their response with that of leptin-treated ob/ob and FVB control mice (30 microg i.p., b.i.d.). Leptin treatment of FVB and ob/ob mice decreased their body weight and food intake and improved their glucose homeostasis. In contrast, tenfold higher dosages of leptin had no effect on body weight, food intake, or circulating insulin or glucose concentrations of UCP-DTA mice. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression was lower in UCP-DTA mice than in littermate control FVB mice in the fed state, and increased progressively in response to food restriction as leptin levels fell. In parallel to the levels of hypothalamic NPY, corticosterone levels were initially suppressed and rose with food restriction. Thus food intake, body weight, and insulin and glucose homeostasis of UCP-DTA mice are all extraordinarily resistant to leptin, whereas hypothalamic NPY and the hypothalamopituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may remain under leptin control. Further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying leptin resistance in UCP-DTA mice may provide valuable insights into the basis for leptin resistance in human obesity.
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PMID:Severe leptin resistance in brown fat-deficient uncoupling protein promoter-driven diphtheria toxin A mice despite suppression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and circulating corticosterone concentrations. 951 18

Repeated exposure of Brown Norway (BN) rats to relatively low doses of HgCl2 induces autoantibodies to renal antigens (e.g., laminin) and a membranous glomerulonephropathy characterized by proteinuria. In contrast, Lewis (LEW) rats are "resistant" to the autoimmune effects of mercury and, when exposed to this metal, are protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Heymann's nephritis. To date, there is no information on "suppressive" effects of mercury in naturally occurring (so-called "spontaneous") rat models of autoimmune disease. Therefore, we have administered HgCl2 to diabetes-prone (DP) BB rats, animals that spontaneously develop both insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and thyroiditis. We found that DP rats treated with mercury or water for a period of 40-125 days developed autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, with a higher incidence in HgCl2-injected animals (92% vs. 56% in H2O-injected controls). A novel finding of our study was the detection of autoantibodies to laminin in the same rats, again with an increased incidence after HgCl2 treatment (83% vs. 44%). IgG2a was the most frequently detected isotype of antibodies to laminin, followed by IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c. The IgG isotype profile suggests that treatment with HgCl2 may activate both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes in BB rats. In spite of these stimulatory effects on autoantibody responses, we found that there was no difference in the incidence of IDDM and thyroiditis between HgCl2-treated and control animals. We conclude that the suppressive effects of mercury previously observed in EAE and Heymann's nephritis of LEW rats do not occur in "spontaneous" autoimmune IDDM and thyroiditis of BB rats. Therefore, immune suppression caused by HgCl2 cannot be considered a common phenomenon, but may be a genetically determined characteristic of LEW rats, possibly related to a specific or unique cytokine profile of this particular rat strain. In contrast, while mercury does not seem to recruit, induce or rescue regulatory T cell function in DP rats, it does stimulate autoantibody responses in these animals.
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PMID:Effects of HgCl2 on the expression of autoimmune responses and disease in diabetes-prone (DP) BB rats. 955 Feb 85

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been proposed to play an important role in the regulation of energy balance. The unique presence of uncoupling protein (UCP) permits BAT to expend calories unrelated to the performance of work with the net result being the generation of heat. The role of BAT in mediating diet-induced thermogenesis had led to the suggestion that BAT activity contributes to metabolic inefficiency and, as such, might provide a cellular and molecular explanation for protection from obesity. In order to directly test this hypothesis, we recently created mice with isolated BAT deficiency by using a suicide DNA transgenic vector in which regulatory elements of the UCP gene were used to drive brown fat specific expression of diptheria toxin A-chain (DTA). Transgenic mice are characterized by reduced energy expenditure and marked obesity, associated with insulin resistance and NIDDM with both receptor and post-receptor components. Feeding of a "Western diet" which derives 41% of its calories from fat leads to a synergistic effect on the development of obesity and its accompanying disorders in transgenics. The results of our studies support a critical role for BAT in the nutritional homeostasis of mice and suggest that the intact thermogenic function of BAT is required for protection from diet induced obesity. Obese UCP-DTA mice have many features in common with obesity as it appears in most humans, and should therefore be a useful model that may aid studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of human obesity, NIDDM and their complications.
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PMID:Obesity after genetic ablation of brown adipose tissue. 955 22

Continuous (4 days) intracerebroventricular leptin infusion (12 microg/day) was performed in lean rats, and its hormonometabolic effects were determined. Intracerebroventricular leptin administration did not result in leakage of the hormone into the peripheral circulation. Thus, its effects were elicited by its presence within the central nervous system. Intracerebroventricular leptin infusion produced marked decreases in food intake and body weight gain relative to vehicle-infused fed ad libitum rats. Because decreases in food intake alter hormonometabolic homeostasis, additional control rats pair-fed to the amount of food consumed by leptin-infused ones were included in the study. Intracerebroventricular leptin-infused and vehicle-infused pair-fed rats were characterized, relative to vehicle-infused ad libitum-fed animals, by decreases in body weight and insulinemia and by increases in insulin-stimulated overall glucose utilization and muscle and brown adipose tissue glucose utilization index. Brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein (UCP)1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNA levels were markedly decreased in pair-fed animals relative to those of fed ad libitum control animals, as were liver and white adipose tissue UCP2 and muscle UCP3 mRNA levels. In marked contrast, intracerebroventricular leptin administration was accompanied by the maintenance of high UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 expression in all these tissues. Thus, despite analogies between leptin's effects and those of pair-feeding with regard to glucose handling, their respective underlying mechanisms differ. While leptin maintains or favors energy-dissipating mechanisms (UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3), the latter are markedly depressed in pair-fed rats. This effect of leptin may prevent subsequent excessive storage processes, thereby maintaining normal body homeostasis.
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PMID:Chronic central leptin infusion enhances insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and favors the expression of uncoupling proteins. 964 22

Insulin-like growth factor-1 has been found to be involved in the regulation of several aspects of brain metabolism, neural transmission, neural growth and differentiation. Because decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 and/or its receptors are likely to contribute to age-related abnormalities in behavior, the strategy of replacing this protein is one potential therapeutic alternative. The present study was designed to assess whether cognitive deficits with ageing may be partially overcome by increasing the availability of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the brain. Fischer-344 x Brown Norway hybrid (F1) male rats of two ages (four-months-old and 32-months-old) were preoperatively trained in behavioral tasks and subsequently implanted with osmotic minipumps to infuse the insulin-like growth factor-1 (23.5 microg/pump) or a vehicle, i.c.v. Animals were retested at two weeks and four weeks after surgery. Insulin-like growth factor-1 improved working memory in the repeated acquisition task and in the object recognition task. An improvement was also observed in the place discrimination task, which assesses reference memory. Insulin-like growth factor-1 had no effect on sensorimotor skills nor exploration, but mildly reversed some age-related deficits in emotionality. These data indicate a potentially important role for insulin-like growth factor-1 in the reversal of age-related behavioral impairments in rodents.
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor-1 ameliorates age-related behavioral deficits. 975 23

Overexpression of the nuclear form of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (nSREBP-1c/ADD1) in cultured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was shown previously to promote adipocyte differentiation. Here, we produced transgenic mice that overexpress nSREBP-1c in adipose tissue under the control of the adipocyte-specific aP2 enhancer/promoter. A syndrome with the following features was observed: (1) Disordered differentiation of adipose tissue. White fat failed to differentiate fully, and the size of white fat depots was markedly decreased. Brown fat was hypertrophic and contained fat-laden cells resembling immature white fat. Levels of mRNA encoding adipocyte differentiation markers (C/EBPalpha, PPARgamma, adipsin, leptin, UCP1) were reduced, but levels of Pref-1 and TNFalpha were increased. (2) Marked insulin resistance with 60-fold elevation in plasma insulin. (3) Diabetes mellitus with elevated blood glucose (>300 mg/dl) that failed to decline when insulin was injected. (4) Fatty liver from birth and elevated plasma triglyceride levels later in life. These mice exhibit many of the features of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL), an autosomal recessive disorder in humans.
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PMID:Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in transgenic mice expressing nuclear SREBP-1c in adipose tissue: model for congenital generalized lipodystrophy. 978 93

We report on the effect of age and chronic caloric restriction (CR) on insulin binding and glucose transporter content in both diaphragm and heart muscle membrane of young (11 months), mid-age (17 months), and old (29 month) ad libitum fed and CR Brown-Norway rats. The control animals received rat chow ad lib and CR animals were allowed 60% of ad libitum food. The CR regimen was initiated at four months of age and the animals were maintained on their respective diets until necropsy. There was no effect of age on insulin binding for either ad libitum or CR animals at each age evaluated. Caloric restriction significantly lowered insulin levels at each age studied when compared to the ad libitum-fed rats. However, CR animals were noted to have increased insulin binding (p < 0.001) compared to ad libitum-fed animals at each age for diaphragm muscle. For the heart, there appeared to be a decreased binding, particularly at higher insulin concentrations, in CR-fed animals. There was no net change in Glut-1 or Glut-4 levels for heart muscle membrane, or Glut-4 levels for diaphragm muscle membrane between ad libitum or CR animals. This data indicates that caloric restriction may have tissue-specific effects for insulin receptor binding, and that the improved insulin sensitivity in CR states is not a result of altered glucose transporter protein content.
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PMID:Effect of age and caloric restriction on insulin receptor binding and glucose transporter levels in aging rats. 978 93

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the specific site for metabolic heat production in mammals. To establish a novel immortal brown adipocyte cell line, the stromal-vascular fraction containing preadipocytes was obtained from interscapular BAT of mice deficient of a tumor-suppressor gene p53. The p53-deficient cells, tentatively named as HB2 cells, could be cultured in vitro after repeated passages and differentiated into adipocytes in the presence of insulin, T3 and/or troglitazone, expressing some adipocyte-specific genes and accumulating intracellular lipid droplets. The mRNA level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a mitochondrial protein specifically present in brown adipocytes, was undetectable in HB2 preadipocytes, but increased after adipose differentiation. In HB2 adipocytes, UCP1 mRNA expression was markedly activated after stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor pathway. The mRNA of UCP2 and UCP3, recently cloned isoforms of UCP1, were also detected in HB2 adipocytes, but their levels were not influenced by adrenergic stimulation. Thus HB2 cells seem useful for in vitro studies of BAT and UCP functions.
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PMID:Immortal brown adipocytes from p53-knockout mice: differentiation and expression of uncoupling proteins. 1004 89


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