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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The primary monolayer culture of brown fat cells was performed with the brown adipose tissue of fetal rats as the material. Brown fat cells in the culture were highly sensitive to some hormones. Insulin had a marked effect of lipogenesis and it made the cells contain large multilocular lipid droplets. Lipolysis is also mediated by hormones, e.g., epinephrine or ACTH etc., and lipolytic process was controlled through cyclic AMP system. Brown fat cells of fetal rats in monolayer culture seem to be a suitable material for long-term experiment of lipogenesis and lipolysis.
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PMID:Hormonal sensitivity of brown fat cells of fetal rats in monolayer culture. 631 21

The effects of feeding saturated and eucaloric unsaturated fat-rich diets on lipemia and insulinemia in female Brown Norway rats have been compared. The relative hyperlipemia in the unsaturated fat group at 8 a.m. has declined at 10 a.m., whereas the saturated fat group at 8 a.m. gives lower values than at 10 a.m. It suggests that saturated fat feeding requires a longer absorption period. The insulin levels in the unsaturated fat groups are higher at 8 a.m. than at 10 a.m., whereas insulin levels in the saturated fat group are higher at 10 a.m. than at 8 a.m. It also suggests retarded resorption of food in the saturated fat group. The relative hyperlipemia at 10 a.m. in the saturated fat group applies to triacylglycerol, free cholesterol, free fatty acids and particularly phosphatidylcholine. It was almost 50% higher than phosphatidylcholine in the unsaturated fat group and coincided with the accumulation of an apolipoprotein E-rich high density lipoprotein.
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PMID:Saturated fat feeding, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. 636 Feb 17

Lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue of virgin rats increased 8--10-fold after intragastric feeding with glucose or medium-chain triacylglycerol, and this increase was prevented by short-term insulin deficiency. Brown adipose tissue increased in weight during pregnancy, regressed during lactation and hypertrophied again on weaning; the rate of lipogenesis paralleled these changes. Glucose did not increase brown-adipose-tissue lipogenesis at mid-lactation.
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PMID:Lipogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue of virgin, pregnant and lactating rats. The effects of intragastric feeding. 678 82

To delineate the factors that may affect triglyceride capture in brown adipose tissue, we have determined the lipoprotein lipase activity (LPS) under conditions known to modulate this activity in other tissues. Acclimation temperature (28 degree C or 5 degree C) had no effect on circadian variations of white adipose tissue and heart LPL activity, LPL activity in brown adipose tissue of 28 degree C rats was similar to that in white adipose tissue (peak activity between 21:00 and 07:00 h), whereas LPL activity of the former was four times higher in 5 degree C rats and rhythmicity was altered (peak activity at 17:00 h as for heart). Brown adipose tissue LPL activity was increased in 28 degree C rats but not in 5 degree C rats after a single injection of insulin to fasting animals. A single injection of dexamethasone increased brown adipose tissue LPL activity only in 5 degree C rats, whereas enzyme activity was increased in both 28 degree C and 5 degree C rats by a single injection of norepinephrine to fed animals. These variations were discussed with relation to the role of brown adipose tissue at 5 degrees C and 28 degrees C.
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PMID:Circadian rhythm and hormonal sensitivity of lipoprotein lipase activity in cold acclimated rats. 701 9

In the present study we measured the postprandial glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to 75 g carbohydrate administered either as glucose, unpolished (brown) rice, or ground brown rice to six recently diagnosed type 2 diabetics and six healthy subjects. The diabetic and normal subjects responded in a qualitatively similar manner to the three meals although there were major quantitative differences. Brown rice elicited significantly lower postprandial glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses than either ground brown rice or glucose in both groups. There were no significant differences in the metabolic responses to ground brown rice (complex carbohydrate) and glucose (simple carbohydrate) in either diabetic or normal subjects. These data highlight the role of the physical form of complex carbohydrate in determining metabolic responses to it in both diabetic and normal subjects, and provide a rationale for designing diabetic diets containing complex carbohydrate in a form which is slowly digested and absorbed.
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PMID:Effect of physical form of carbohydrate on the postprandial glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses in type 2 diabetes. 704 11

Rats fed "cafeteria" diets with low (7%, LP) normal (23%, NP) or high (33%, HP) protein contents showed increases in metabolizable energy intake (kJ/kg 0.75, 23-41%) and in energy expenditure (36%) compared to controls fed stock diet (27% protein). The high metabolic rates were inhibited by beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. All rats fed cafeteria diets deposited more fat than controls, but the LP diet depressed growth, and these animals also showed the lowest energetic efficiency. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and protein content were increased in all groups fed cafeteria diets, but the largest changes occurred in LP-fed animals, and the smallest in the HP group. Hepatic mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate shuttle activity and plasma triiodothyronine levels were elevated twofold in rats fed LP cafeteria diet compared to controls, but the other cafeteria diet groups showed little or no changes, and shuttle activity in BAT was not affected by any of the diets. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were similar for control, NP and HP animals, whereas glucose levels were slightly lower and insulin levels were very much lower in the rats fed LP cafeteria diet.
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PMID:Energy balance and mitochondrial function in liver and brown fat of rats fed "cafeteria" diets of varying protein content. 710 38

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an anabolic hormone that mediates the actions of growth hormone (GH) and is found at lower concentrations in aged animals. These decreases in GH and IGF-1 appear to have important physiological consequences for aging, since protein synthesis decreases with age, and administration of GH and/or IGF-1 has been shown to increase protein synthesis. The present study was designed to determine (a) the relationship between the age-related changes in rates of tissue protein synthesis and plasma IGF-1 concentrations, (b) type 1 IGF receptor density in tissues and (c) whether long-term moderate caloric restriction, which is known to increase life-span, affects these relationships. Male Brown Norway rats were fed ad libitum or caloric-restricted (60% ad libitum) from 14 weeks of age and sacrificed at different ages. In ad libitum fed animals there were age-related decreases in plasma IGF-1 concentrations (14%) and in the rates of protein synthesis of the heart (36%) and liver (38%). Type 1 IGF receptor density remained constant in all tissues with age. The caloric-restricted animals exhibited plasma IGF-1 concentrations 33 to 42% lower than the ad libitum fed animals. However, rates of protein synthesis increased by 70 and 30% in heart and diaphragm, and this increase was associated with 60 to 100% increases in type 1 IGF receptor densities when compared with ad libitum fed animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Moderate caloric restriction increases type 1 IGF receptors and protein synthesis in aging rats. 750 38

Rat brown adipocytes at day 22 of foetal development showed greater size, higher mitochondria content and larger amounts of lipids, as determined by flow cytometry, than 20-day foetal cells. Simultaneously, an inhibition on the percentage of brown adipocytes into S+G2/M phases of the cell cycle was observed between days 20 and 22 of foetal development. The expression of several adipogenesis-related genes, such as fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and insulin-regulated glucose transporter, increased at the end of foetal life in brown adipose tissue. In addition, the lipogenic enzyme activities and the lipogenic flux increased during late foetal development, resulting in mature brown adipocytes showing a multilocular fat droplet phenotype. Concurrently, brown adipocytes induced the expression of the uncoupling protein (UP) mRNA and UP protein, as visualized by immunofluorescence. The three isoforms of CCAAT enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) were expressed at the mRNA level in brown adipose tissue at day 20. C/EBP alpha decreased and C/EBP beta and delta increased their expression between days 20 and 22 of foetal development, respectively. Brown adipose tissue constitutively expressed insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) mRNAs. Moreover, IGF-IR mRNA content increased between days 20 and 22 in parallel with the occurrence of tissue differentiation.
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PMID:Differentiation of rat brown adipocytes during late foetal development: role of insulin-like growth factor I. 757 9

It has been postulated that brain aging and the accompanying neurodegenerative processes associated with aging result from a deterioration of mechanisms that regulate the maintenance of basic cellular processes. In the present study, it was hypothesized that decreased availability and/or diminished responsiveness of tissues to growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 may be partly responsible for decreases in total protein synthesis previously observed in aging animals. Male Brown Norway rats (5-7 and 27-28 months old) were used to determine (1) whether in vivo protein synthesis in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum decreases with age and (2) whether these deficiencies are associated with age-related alterations in response to insulin-like growth factor-1, des (1-3) IGF-1 or insulin. Analysis of in vivo protein synthesis rates revealed a decline of 20% in cortex of old rats (P < 0.05) but no changes were observed in hippocampus, hypothalamus, or cerebellum. Stimulation of cortical slices in vitro with insulin-like growth factor-1, des (1-3) insulin-like growth factor-1, or insulin increased protein synthesis rates in young animals, but the response to these growth factors was blunted in old animals. Analysis of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor densities by quantitative autoradiography demonstrated age-related decreases in receptor levels in cerebellar cortex and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus but no changes in cortex. Regional distribution of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptors within each of these tissues did not appear to change with age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulation of protein synthesis is attenuated in cerebral cortex of aging rats. 760 79

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains glucocorticoid receptors; glucocorticoids are required for maintaining differentiated BAT in culture. These studies were performed to determine the effects of corticosterone on BAT thermogenic function and lipid storage. Rats were adrenalectomized and given subcutaneous corticosterone pellets in concentrations that maintained plasma corticosterone constant across the range of 0-20 micrograms/dl or were sham adrenalectomized. All variables were examined 5 days after surgery and corticosterone replacement. Measures of BAT function-thermogenic capacity [guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) binding and uncoupling protein (UCP; a BAT-specific thermogenic protein)] and storage (BAT wet wt, protein, and DNA levels) were made. Plasma hormones (corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were measured. Corticosterone significantly affected BAT thermogenic measures: UCP content and binding of GDP to BAT mitochondria decreased with increasing corticosterone; GDP binding characteristics in BAT from similarly prepared rats examined by Scatchard analysis showed that maximum binding (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) decreased with increasing corticosterone dose. BAT DNA was increased by adrenalectomy and maintained at intact levels with all doses of corticosterone; BAT lipid storage increased dramatically at corticosterone values higher than the daily mean level in intact rats. Histologically, the number and size of lipid droplets within BAT adipocytes increased markedly with increased corticosterone. White adipose depots were more sensitive to circulating corticosterone concentrations than were BAT depots and increased in weight at levels of corticosterone that were at or below the daily mean level of intact rats. We conclude that, within its diurnal range of concentration corticosterone acts to inhibit nonshivering thermogenesis and increase lipid storage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Corticosterone decreases nonshivering thermogenesis and increases lipid storage in brown adipose tissue. 784 Mar 19


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