Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the study was to determine the role of opioids modulating the release of prolactin (PRL) in response to milking in sixteen Brown-Swiss dairy cows. Two experiments were carried out to measure the dose-related effect of morphine and the effect of the opioid antagonist naloxone (NAL), with or without morphine. In the first experiment, six cows were injected (via catheter) on 3 consecutive days after the control milking (0 mg) with 21, 70 and 210 mg morphine-HCl 10 min before the start of the morning milking. The second experiment was divided into two parts. In the first part, four cows were injected after control morning milking with 210 mg morphine, 10 min before the start of the following morning milking. This was followed on the next day by an application of 210 mg NAL (15 min before the start of milking) and 210 mg morphine. In the second part, after control milking for 1 d, six cows were injected with 210 mg NAL 10 min before milking. Morphine at the highest dose tended to stimulate basal PRL levels in the first and second experiments (P < 0.10). PRL increased in response to machine milking but morphine did not stimulate its release further. NAL alone, or when given with morphine did not influence the release of PRL in response to machine milking. However, NAL was effective in suppressing the increase in basal levels of PRL caused by morphine. In conclusion, although morphine tended to stimulate basal levels of PRL before milking, the release of PRL during milking seemed not to be regulated by opioids.
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PMID:The effect of morphine and naloxone on the release of prolactin during machine milking in dairy cows. 1291 21

Parallel to the "poppy-seed defense" strategy commonly reported in the United States, donors of urine samples tested positive for opiates in Taiwan often claimed the consumption of Brown Mixture (BM) as the source of the observed morphine and codeine. Because BM contains opium powder (10.0-10.5% morphine), opium tincture (0.9-1.1% morphine), or camphorated opium tincture (0.045-0.055% morphine) and is a popular remedy, and heroin use is considered a serious criminal act, the claim of BM use has to be adequately addressed. In this study, BM from seven different manufacturers (5 tablets and 2 solutions) and urine samples from alleged heroin users and volunteers with various ingestion patterns and were analyzed for their morphine and codeine contents. The analytical procedure included hydrolysis, trimethylsilylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The contents of morphine and codeine in the tablets were found to be very consistent, but with significant differences in the two BM solutions. Morphine concentrations found in urine specimens collected from volunteers ingesting BM tablets (or solutions) were always < 4000 ng/mL. The following morphine-to-codeine ([M]/[C]) ratios were observed for urine specimens with morphine concentration > or = 300 ng/mL: (A) < 3.0 for volunteers ingesting BM solution and (B) > 3.0 (mostly > 5.0) for volunteers ingesting BM tablets and alleged heroin users. It appeared that (A) BM ingestion (tablet or solution) was unlikely to result in a morphine concentration > 4000 ng/mL; and (B) [M]/[C] ratio might not be an effective parameter to differentiate heroin use from BM tablet ingestion.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of morphine and codeine following the administration of single and multiple doses of opium preparations prescribed in Taiwan as "brown mixture". 1680 59

Neuropathic pain conditions can encompass a diverse constellation of signs and symptoms consisting of sensory deficits, allodynia and hyperalgesia. Animal models of neuropathic pain have enabled the identification of key pathophysiological changes occurring within nociceptive pathways as a result of injury, and serve an invaluable role for preclinical screening of novel analgesic candidates. We have produced the first systematic description of the development and maintenance, and the pharmacological sensitivity of nociceptive behaviours in four rat strains with different genetic background (outbred Sprague-Dawley and inbred Brown Norway, Lewis and Fischer 344 rats), using the spared nerve injury model of peripheral neuropathic pain. Hindpaw mechanical hypersensitivity was evident from 7 to 30 days post-injury in all four strains, developing most quickly and severely in Fischer 344 rats; Lewis rats were least affected. Morphine (6 but not 3 mg/kg, s.c.) and gabapentin (100 but not 50 mg/kg, s.c.) had significant antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic actions in all four strains after spared nerve injury, although marked differences in potency across strains were observed. Two strains (Fischer 344 rats and Lewis) were insensitive to the antihyperalgesic properties of gaboxadol (15 mg/kg) whereas gaboxadol (6 mg/kg) was equipotent to morphine (6 mg/kg) in two other strains (Sprague-Dawley and Brown Norway). The observed pharmacogenetic variations have important implications for the preclinical testing of drugs, and provide a basis for development of pharmacogenomics in neuropathic pain.
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PMID:The importance of genetic background on pain behaviours and pharmacological sensitivity in the rat spared serve injury model of peripheral neuropathic pain. 1738 31