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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Brown adipose tissue of the hamster possesses high specific activities of soluble, cytoplasmic NAD-linked, as well as mitochondrial flavin-coupled, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases. The ratio of the two enzyme activities is high (close to 1), when compared with other tissues of the hamster. 2. In the presence of rotenone, NADH is oxidised very poorly by homogenates of brown adipose tissue. A high rate of oxidation is obtained upon further addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which itself is negligible oxidised. When followed fluorimetrically glycerol 3-phosphate can also be observed to induce NADH oxidation, but only after a significant lag time. Similar results are obtained with isolated mitochondria plus high-speed supernatant. With high-speed supernatant alone, only dihydroxyacetone phosphate has any effect, whereas with isolated mitochondria neither dihydroxyacetone phosphate nor glycerol 3-phosphate induce any NADH disappearance. 3. Respiration induced by NADH plus dihydroxyacetone phosphate in homogenates equals 56% of the respiration induced by glycerol 3-phosphate alone. 4. Respiration induced by NADH plus dihydroxyacetone phosphate, as well as that induced by glycerol 3-phosphate, is inhibited by the same concentrations of inhibitors as are required for inhibition of the mitochondrial dehydrogenase i.e. EDTA, long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, long-chain fatty acyl CoA esters. 5. In isolated brown adipocytes in the presence of rotenone, norepinephrine significantly inhibits respiration induced by glycerol 3-phosphate. 6. The results obtained are discussed with respect to the role of glycerol 3-phosphate as an electron sink for cytosolic reducing equivalents to maintain a low level of extramitochondrial NADH. A means of maintaining a level of glycerol 3-phosphate adequate for triglyceride synthesis is also considered.
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PMID:Gylcerol-3-phosphate shuttle and its function in intermediary metabolism of hamster brown-adipose tissue. 16 75

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) lipogenesis (fatty acid, glycerol and CO2 synthesis) and its morphology determined by optical microscopy, were studied in guinea pigs and rats during intra-uterine life and during the suckling period. Following the receptor induction and after the commencement of the hormone sensitive adenylate-cyclase/lipase system (i.e. on the 60th day in guinea pigs, on the 20th day in rats), the fetal BAT releases fatty acids (NEFA) and is capable of allowing the non-shivering thermogenesis. When the maternal diet and, consequently, the fetal or neonatal BAT are supplied with considerable linoleic acid, NEFA contain a large proportion of essential fatty acids. In vitro, the greater the linoleic acid concentration in these NEFA, the less inhibited is the lipogenesis from (2-14C) pyruvate. Thus, in periods just preceding or succeeding birth, fatty acid and glycerol synthesis are higher when the feto-maternal and/or the milk supply are enriched in linoleic acid than when they contain a large proportion of endogenous fatty acids. Morphological studies indicate that the adipose cell evolution could be nonidentical in BAT more or less enriched in essential fatty acids. Linoleic enriched BAT (of animals born to females kept on a sunflower oil diet) seemed to be in a healthy physiological state at birth, perhaps due to rapid lipid renewal and synthesis in their membranes. The control BAT (of animals born to females kept on a lard diet) appeared loaded with fats and in a worse conservation state at the same age.
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PMID:[Fetal and neo-natal development of brown adipose tissue in guinea pigs and rats. Feto-maternal or milk transfer of essential fatty acids : lipogenesis and morphology (author's transl)]. 18 Feb 83

Two Brown Swiss and two Holstein steers, average weight of 226 kg, were fasted 8 d. Two days before the fast, jugular vein catheters were installed. Blood samples were collected every 15 min from 0800 to 1400 h on d 0, 2, 5 and 8 of fasting. Plasma from each sample was analyzed for concentrations of growth hormone, and from selected samples for insulin, glucagon, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, urea N and glycerol. Both growth hormone and insulin concentrations decreased by d 2 of the fast and remained at that concentration. Glucagon, however, remained constant. From d 0 to 2, concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids and glycerol increased but then changed little for d 5 and 8. From d 0 to 2, glucose decreased and urea N increased. In contrast to the other metabolites, glucose and urea N concentrations stabilized between 3 and 5 d of fasting. The ratio of growth hormone to insulin decreased threefold and the ratio of glucagon to insulin decreased fivefold from d 0 to 2; both ratios remained constant during the rest of the fast. The data indicate that fasting cattle adapt by decreasing concentrations in plasma of growth hormone and insulin but not glucagon. These endocrine changes, therefore, seem responsible for greater rates of free fatty acid mobilization and glucose sparing during an energy deficit.
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PMID:Changes in hormone and metabolite concentrations in plasma of steers during a prolonged fast. 390 37

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) from fetal rhesus monkeys microscopically resembled adult rodent BAT containing multiocular fat cells with numerous mitochondria. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity was lower than that in adult rodents and adenine nucleotide translocase activity was similar to that reported for rats. Rhesus monkey BAT mitochondria (BATM) possess an uncoupling protein that is characteristic of BAT as evidenced by the binding of [3H]GDP, the inhibition by GDP of the high Cl- permeability or rapid alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidation. Electrophoretic analysis of BATM showed the presence of a 32,000 mol.wt protein which was enriched by procedures established for the isolation of BATM uncoupling protein.
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PMID:Brown adipose tissue from fetal rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): morphological and biochemical aspects. 401 53

Semen samples from Bronze turkeys, extended with Brown's buffer and antibiotics, and protected with combinations of ethylene glycol-glycerol and N,N-dimethylacetamide-glycerol were frozen at the rate of 8 degrees C per minute down to -196 degrees C. Similar treatments were used as controls. Five White virgin hens were inseminated with semen from each group before and after dialysis. The per cent fertility of the frozen semen samples after dialysis was lower than the corresponding control groups.
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PMID:Frozen turkey semen. 423 93

1. Exposure of new-born rabbits to the cold leads to an increase in the incorporation of [(14)C]glucose into the glycerol of brown-fat triglyceride, but has no effect on [(14)C]glucose incorporation into triglyceride of white fat or liver. The effect of cold exposure on brown-fat triglyceride is abolished by cutting the cervical sympathetic nerve. 2. Brown fat incorporates very little [(14)C]glucose into triglyceride fatty acids, either in vivo or in vitro. 3. Noradrenaline added to incubations of brown fat from new-born rabbits stimulates O(2) consumption, CO(2) output and incorporation of glucose into triglyceride glycerol. The effects of noradrenaline in vitro are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that noradrenaline mediates the response of the brown fat of new-born rabbits to cold exposure. 4. Glycerokinase is present in the brown fat of new-born rabbits, but its activity is much less than that of the glycerokinase in the brown fat of adult rats. 5. Insulin has no effect on O(2) consumption, CO(2) output or glucose uptake in brown fat of new-born rabbits. 6. It is concluded that the thermogenic response of new-born rabbits to cold exposure is accompanied by a selective acceleration of the triglyceride cycle in brown fat. However, resynthesis of triglyceride would not account for more than 1% of the O(2) consumed in vitro by new-born rabbit brown fat in the presence of noradrenaline if respiration remains coupled to phosphorylation.
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PMID:A comparison between the effects of cold exposure in vivo and of noradrenaline in vitro on the metabolism of the brown fat of new-born rabbits. 548 44

T1 nuclear relaxation measurements of 1H and 17O of water have been applied to study the kinetics of the diffusional transport of water across the cytoplasmic cell membrane of Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella bardawil. The water permeability coefficients at 25 degree C were found to be 1.5.10-3 cm/s and 1.8.10-3 cm/s, respectively, with an activation energy of 3.7 kcal/mol. The results indicate that the cell membrane of Dunaliella exhibits high diffusional permeability to water, similar in magnitude to that found for other cells and model membranes, and a relatively low activation energy. This regularity is in contrast to the exceptionally low glycerol permeability of the membrane (Brown, F.F., Sussman, I., Avron, M. and Degani, H. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 690, 165-173.
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PMID:The diffusional water permeability in the halotolerant alga dunaliella as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance. 712 73

Brown adipose tissue and collagenase-isolated brown adipocytes were investigated in rats by means of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After chloroform-methanol extraction of brown adipose tissue, proton and natural abundance 13C spectra of the chloroform fraction showed resonances attributable to triglycerides, and were qualitatively similar to those of the corresponding fraction of white adipose tissue. By means of quantitative analysis of 1H spectra, fatty acid unsaturation and polyunsaturation in triglycerides were found to be lower in brown than white adipose tissue; moreover, unsaturation parameters decreased in triglyceride fatty acids of brown adipose tissue upon norepinephrine administration or cold acclimatization of rats, and were affected by the age of donors. The molar percentage of mono- and polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids in triglycerides was determined from 13C spectra and found to change in the early post-natal period. Isolated, agarose-embedded brown adipocytes from 4-day-old rats showed a number of peaks in the carbohydrate region of 1H spectra that were not present in spectra of white adipocytes and almost disappeared in brown fat cells of older animals. These peaks could be restored by insulin exposure. Natural abundance 13C spectra of isolated brown adipocytes were resolved enough to allow unambiguous assignment of resonances to carbons of fatty acids, glycerol, glucose, ethanolamine, and choline. Calculation of the mono- to polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio in the cells was also performed. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a useful tool for the investigation of brown adipose tissue and adipocytes therefrom.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigations of brown adipose tissue and isolated brown adipocytes. 789 17

In the accompanying paper (Brown, C. R., Doxsey, S. J., Hong-Brown, L. W., Martin, R. L., and Welch, W. J. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 824-832) two molecular chaperones, hsp 73 and TCP-1, were shown to be integral components of the centrosome. Here we show that heat shock treatment adversely affects both the structure and function of the centrosome, and that hsp 73 plays a role in the repair of the organelle. After heat shock treatment, the centrosome could not be identified via indirect immunofluorescence and cells were unable to support microtubule regrowth. During recovery from heat shock, a strong correlation between the return of staining of three centrosomal antigens (hsp 73, TCP-1, and pericentrin) and the recovery of microtubule regrowth properties was found. Incubation of cells with glycerol, a protein protective agent, prevented the heat induced alterations in the structure/function of the centrosome. Likewise, the recovery of the structure and function of the centrosome after heat shock treatment was significantly accelerated in cells first made thermotolerant. We provide evidence that this process is related to the levels of hsp 73 since: 1) microinjection of hsp 73 antibody blocked centrosomal reassembly and microtubule regrowth abilities following heat shock; and 2) microinjection of purified hsp 73 protein prior to heat shock treatment accelerated both the repair and function of the organelle, similar to that observed for thermotolerant cells.
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PMID:Molecular chaperones and the centrosome. A role for HSP 73 in centrosomal repair following heat shock treatment. 855 93

Phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and sphingomyelin were all found to be effective at reducing the Ca2+ requirement for m-calpain autolysis. In the absence of phospholipid, pig kidney m-calpain required 1.4 mM Ca2+ for 50% autolysis under the assay conditions used. Phospholipids caused a reduction in this Ca2+ requirement to a value between 0.45 mM Ca2+ for phosphatidyl glycerol and 1.1 mM Ca2+ for phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Previous studies (Crawford, C., Brown, N.R. and Willis, A.C. (1990) Biochem. J. 265, 575-579) have shown that the most probable site for phospholipid interaction in calpain is the N-terminal region between residues 39 to 62 of the small subunit of calpain (G17TAMRILGG). In this study we examine the possible role of this G17TAMRILGG region. Three synthetic peptides corresponding to parts of this sequence were used to examine the phospholipid binding sequence. Analysis of the phospholipid vesicle binding properties of these peptides suggested that both the TAMRIL and polyglycine sequences were required for binding to phosphatidyl inositol vesicles.
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PMID:Investigation of the interaction of m-calpain with phospholipids: calpain-phospholipid interactions. 862 30


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