Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seasonal affective disorder is a form of depression which recurs at the same time of the year. Exposure to bright artificial light at a dose of 2,500 lux is used to treat seasonal affective disorders. We exposed a pigmented (Brown Norway) and a nonpigmented (Sprague-Dawley) rat strain with bright artificial light for 21 days at two doses (2,500 and 6,100 lux) and analyzed dopamine, dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection in eight different brain regions. Furthermore, we measured tissue levels of substance P (SP), neurokinins (NK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) with radioimmunoassay. Our data obtained with light microscopy show that bright artificial light at both doses induced a massive destruction of photoreceptors in the retina of albino rats but not of the pigmented rat strain. Retinal lesion of photoreceptors resulted in increased tissue levels of all measured neuropeptides except SP in the hypothalamus and increased VIP in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra. Furthermore, increased 5-HT and 5-HIAA tissue levels were found in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra. In contrast, in the frontal cortex there was a significant reduction in 5-HIAA tissue levels and a decreased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, indicating decreased 5-HT metabolism. Light exposure of the pigmented rat strain revealed no changes in the measured biogenic amines and neuropeptides in any investigated brain region. Our data suggest that retinal lesion but not direct visual neurotransmission induced changes in neurotransmitters in some brain regions. We conclude that Brown Norway rats but not Sprague-Dawley rats are useful to study neurochemical effects of bright artificial light. However, Sprague-Dawley rats may be a useful tool to study biochemical mechanisms of photoreceptor damage by bright light.
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PMID:Effects of bright artificial light on monoamines and neuropeptides in eight different brain regions compared in a pigmented and nonpigmented rat strain. 152 5

A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous measurement of 5-hydroxytryptamine and its main metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in rat brain is described. Brain tissue samples were only deproteinated and, without further extraction, were injected directly onto a high-performance liquid chromatography column and detected electrochemically. The detection limit for 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was 16 and 8 g per injection, respectively. Within 8 min, the total separation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is achieved. With this method over 100 analyses can be performed in a single working day. Brain samples from young and old, male and female Brown Norway rats were analysed for indoles by this method. The ratio 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, an index for serotonin turnover, showed significant differences between age groups and genders in the cortex, and a significant difference between genders in the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Simultaneous measurement of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in rat brain using a liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection. 171 97

Recent studies have linked impulsivity with CSF concentrations of both 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA). One work found a negative correlation between the MMPI psychopathic deviate (Pd) scale and 5-HIAA in personality disordered men (Brown et al., 1982). We found that the 5-HIAA/Pd correlation extends (P less than 0.05) to unmedicated depressed patients (n = 21). A trend was found between HVA and Pd in depression. There was no relationship between either metabolite and the Pd scale in unmedicated schizophrenics (n = 24). A significant inverse correlation was found between the MMPI depression scale and CSF HVA but not 5-HIAA in the depressed patients.
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PMID:MMPI measures of impulsivity and depression correlate with CSF 5-HIAA and HVA in depression but not schizophrenia. 193 32

Concentrations of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), noradrenaline (NA), free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in brain regions of 5-, 20-, and 32-month-old male Brown-Norway rats using high pressure liquid chromatography. In view of the activating effects of sex steroids on peptide and monoamine transmitter systems and the declining plasma testosterone levels with aging, the effects of testosterone supplementation on age-related changes in central monoamine metabolism were also studied. Age-related decreases in monoamine metabolism were observed in nigrostriatal, mesocortical and coeruleohippocampal systems. Marked reductions in DOPAC (35%) and HVA (50%) occurred in the ventral tegmental area between 20 and 32 months of age. 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels showed reductions and increases depending on the brain region. Testosterone administration resulted in elevations of HVA in the substantia nigra and MHPG in the locus coeruleus and hippocampus, which were most pronounced in young animals. It is concluded that there are marked differences in age-related changes between nigrostriatal, mesocortical and coeruleohippocampal systems and that testosterone exerts a stimulatory influence on some aspects of monoamine metabolism in young but not in aged animals.
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PMID:Central monoamine metabolism in the male Brown-Norway rat in relation to aging and testosterone. 228 64

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and urinary monoamine metabolites were determined for 29 boys, aged 6-12, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Levels of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the metabolites of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, respectively, correlated significantly with behavioral measures of aggression and impulsivity/hyperactivity. However, these correlations were in the unexpected direction; for example, CSF 5-HIAA correlated positively with the Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression Scale. HVA in CSF was positively correlated with several measures of hyperactivity. The replicability of these findings, as well as possible socioenvironmental effects, and the predictive value of CSF monoamines in prepubertal hyperactivity are the subjects of ongoing study.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 752 65

The adaptive response of the neuroendocrine system to stress is known to be impaired during ageing, and this impairment may be genetically determined. To elucidate further the effect of genotype, inbred male rats of the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain, characterized by their hyper-reactivity to stressors and shorter life span, were compared with Brown-Norway (BN) rats. In young BN rats, resting prolactin concentrations were lower than in WKY animals and were reduced with age, while in WKY rats they remained unchanged with age. In young rats of both strains prolactin concentrations were highest after subjecting them to stressful stimuli for 15 min. After 2 h of restraint stress (during which the animals were confined to a narrow space that restricted movement) prolactin concentrations in young rats returned to pre-stress values, while remaining high in aged rats of both strains. Concentrations of corticotrophin (or adrenocorticotrophic hormone, ACTH) were lower in BN than in WKY rats and did not change with age in either strain. After 2 h of stress, ACTH concentrations were still slightly higher than normal in both young and aged BN rats, but not in WKY rats. Corticosterone concentrations were similar in young WKY and BN rats and were reduced in aged rats of both strains. After 2 h of stress, corticosterone concentrations were still high in aged, but not in young rats of both strains. However, this stress-induced increase was larger (3.7 times as much) in the BN strain than in the WKY strain (in which the increase was 1.7 times as much). The concentrations of hypothalamic monoamines were similar in young rats of both strains, although stress resulted in reduced noradrenaline concentrations, as previously documented, and in minor increases in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in both strains. During ageing, basal noradrenaline concentrations were reduced only in WKY rats, while the amount of 5-HT increased selectively in BN rats. Concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were increased after stress in aged WKY rats only. The results demonstrate that resting plasma concentrations of the stress hormones ACTH and corticosterone and of prolactin are lower in BN than in WKY rats. In ageing, however, the stress-induced increases in the concentrations of these hormones are relatively higher in the BN strain, which is characterized by a longer life span.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of genotype on age-related alterations in the concentrations of stress hormones in plasma and hypothalamic monoamines in rats. 768 29

In a previous study we administered the panicogenic agent sodium lactate to a select group of perpetrators of domestic violence and comparison groups. Results of that study showed that perpetrators exhibited exaggerated lactate-induced fear, panic and rage. In this current study, we compared the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and testosterone obtained from perpetrators of domestic violence and a group of healthy comparison subjects. All subjects were assessed for DSM-III-R diagnoses. Perpetrators with alcohol dependence (DV-ALC) (n=13), perpetrators without alcohol dependence (DV-NALC) (n=10) and healthy comparison subjects (HCS) (n=20) were clinically assessed using the Spielberger Trait Anxiety, Brown-Goodwin Aggression Scale, Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory and Straus Conflict Tactics. Following an overnight fast and bed rest, subjects received a lumbar puncture to obtain CSF concentrations of 5-HIAA and testosterone. Perpetrators scored significantly higher on measures of aggression than HCS. DV-NALC had significantly lower concentrations of CSF 5-HIAA and higher Straus Conflict Tactics (CT) physical violence scores than DV-ALC and HCS. DV-ALC had significantly higher concentrations of CSF testosterone than DV-NALC. DV-ALC also had significantly higher Straus CT physical violence scores than HCS. DV-NALC and DV-ALC differed on 5-HIAA concentrations, testosterone concentrations, Straus CT physical violence scores and alcohol dependence. These results suggest that DV-NALC and DV-ALC groups could have different biological mechanisms mediating domestic violence.
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PMID:Serotonin, testosterone and alcohol in the etiology of domestic violence. 1160 Jan 87

Bipolar disorder with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a subphenotype characterized by earlier age of onset, more frequent mood episodes, more suicide attempts, and more interpersonal violence than pure bipolar patients. The aim of this study was to test the biological validity of using childhood ADHD to subgroup bipolar disorder. The monoamine metabolites, homovanillinic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 53 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type 1, with (N = 17) and without (N = 36) a history of childhood ADHD. In addition to structured clinical interviews, childhood ADHD was assessed by a next of kin using the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other comorbidities questionnaire (A-TAC), and by patients themselves using the Wender Utah rating scale (WURS-25). Current ADHD symptoms were assessed by the Brown attention-deficit disorder scale (Brown ADD). Bipolar patients with childhood ADHD had significantly lower CSF concentration (mean +/- SD nmol/l) of HVA (89.0 +/- 32.5 vs. 115.8 +/- 47.1, P = 0.039) and 5-HIAA (88.7 +/- 38.5 vs. 116 +/- 47.9, P = 0.021) than pure bipolar patients. CSF MHPG did not differ between the groups. The WURS-25 score correlated negatively with both HVA (r = -0.27, P = 0.048) and 5-HIAA (r = -0.30, P = 0.027). Likewise, the Brown ADD total score correlated negatively with both HVA (r = -0.34, P = 0.013) and 5-HIAA (r = -0.35, P = 0.011). These findings indicate different monoaminergic function in patients with and without childhood ADHD in bipolar disorder type 1. This lends biological support to the notion that those with childhood ADHD represent a valid subphenotype of bipolar disorder.
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PMID:Lower CSF HVA and 5-HIAA in bipolar disorder type 1 with a history of childhood ADHD. 1975 68

It is generally accepted that environmental enrichment enhances the performance and improves welfare of animals kept in captivity. Similar results have been obtained for fish. It has been previously reported that the presence of Blue or Red-Brown Substrate (BS and RBS respectively) on tank bottom resulted in growth enhancement and suppression of aggressive behavior of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata compared to Green Substrate (GS) and tanks without modifications (Control-C). In an attempt to identify the underlying mechanisms, in the present study the effects of this environmental enrichment on brain monoamine neurotransmitters and fatty acids of gilthead seabream were evaluated. BS and RBS fish had lower serotonergic activity (5-HIAA/5-HT), resulting mainly from lower 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. BS fish also had lower serotonin levels compared to all other treatments. Brain noradrenaline (NA) levels did not show significant differences between substrate treatments and control. Brain dopamine (DA) levels were lowest in BS and RBS fish, higher in GS fish and highest in C fish. No differences were observed for dopamine metabolites or dopaminergic activity. Moreover, brain NA was negatively correlated with body weight in BS fish and positively correlated in RBS and C fish. A positive correlation was also observed for brain DA with body weight in RBS fish. No differences were observed for brain fatty acids. Present results support the hypothesis that the beneficial effects of the presence of BS and RBS are related to altered social interactions and indicate the establishment of a less stressful social organization in enriched-reared fish groups.
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PMID:Environmental enrichment induces changes in brain monoamine levels in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. 2468 Jul 28