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Following the Supreme Court's recent decision not to hear the Rockford merger case, there appears to be a growing sentiment that hospital mergers should not be attempted because they are now fraught with uncertainty. "That conclusion," says Daniel B. Higgins, lead partner for the health care group at the law firm McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, San Francisco, "reads Rockford too broadly."
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PMID:Rockford will not end hospital mergers. 201 Feb 6

Several authors have contended that the N400 is a reflection of a post-lexical event such as that proposed by Neely and Keefe [J.H. Neely, D.E. Keefe, Semantic context effects on visual word processing: a hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory, in: G.H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. 23, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 207-248.], whereby the subject compares the word on the current trial to the "context" provided by the word on the preceding trial [M. Besson, M. Kutas, The many facets of repetition: A cued-recall and event-related potential analysis of repeating words in same versus different sentence contexts, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19 (5) (1993), 1115-1133; C. Brown, P. Hagoort, The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(1) (1993), 34-44; P.J. Holcomb, Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for the role of the N400 in language processing, Psychophysiology 30 (1993), 47-61; M.D. Rugg, M.C. Doyle, Event-related potentials and stimulus repetition in indirect and direct tests of memory, in: H. Heinze, T. Munte, G.R. Mangun (Eds), Cognitive Electrophysiology, Birkhauser Boston, Cambridge, MA, 1994]. A study which used masked primes to directly test this possibility has been reported by Brown and Hagoort [C. Brown, P. Hagoort, The processing nature of the N400: evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(1) (1993), 34-44]. When the primes were masked, no priming effect was observed on the N400. When behavioral data were collected in the same paradigm, from another group of subjects, the usual priming effect on RT was obtained. Considered together, the data from the two groups of subjects indicated that activation of semantic representations had occurred without conscious awareness. As no N400 priming effect was observed, it was suggested that N400 must reflect a post-lexical process. This interpretation, however, is at odds with the findings of other studies which have reported N400 priming effects under conditions where post-lexical processes would not be thought to operate[J. Anderson, P. Holcomb, Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies: an event-related brain potential study. Psychophysiology 32 (1995), 177-190; J. Boddy, Event-related potentials in chronometric analysis of primed word recognition with different stimulus onset asynchronies, Psychophysiology 23 (1986), 232-245; D. Deacon, T. Uhm, W. Ritter, S. Hewitt, The lifetime of automatic priming effects may exceed two seconds, Cognitive Brain Research 7 (1999), 465-472; P.J. Holcomb, Automatic and attentional process: an event-related brain potential analysis of semantic priming. Brain and Language 35 (1998) 66-85]. The present study replicated Brown and Hagoort using a repeated measures design, a shorter SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony), and a slightly different threshold setting procedure. Significant priming effects were obtained on the mean amplitude of the N400 regardless of whether the words were masked or unmasked. The findings imply that the processing subserving the N400 is not postlexical, since the N400 was manipulated without the subjects being aware of the identity of the words.
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PMID:Event-related potential indices of semantic priming using masked and unmasked words: evidence that the N400 does not reflect a post-lexical process. 1072 97

During the okra growing season from August to November of 2009, symptoms reminiscent of geminivirus infection were observed on 75% of 'Green Emerald' Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, plants in a 0.2-km2 field in Hidalgo County, TX. Visible symptoms consisted of irregular yellow patches on leaves, distinctive yellow borders on leaf edges, and chlorosis of subsequently developing leaves. The whitefly vector of begomoviruses, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), infested okra plants in the early growth stages during late July 2009. Total DNA was isolated from the leaves of three symptomatic okra plant samples (1) and used as the PCR template to amplify a 575-bp fragment of the coat protein gene (CP) using the universal begomovirus primers AV494 and AC1048 (2). PCR products of the expected size were cloned into the pGEM-T Easy (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced using the universal M13F and M13 R primers. ClustalV alignment indicated 99 to 100% shared nucleotide (nt) identity, and BLAST analysis revealed that the closest relative was Okra yellow mosaic Mexico virus - Tetekalitla (OkYMMV) (GenBank Accession No. EF591631) at 98%. To amplify the full-length DNA-A and a possible cognate DNA-B component, one plant that was positive by CP-PCR and DNA sequencing was selected for further analysis. Total DNA from this plant was used as template for a second detection method that consisted of rolling circle amplification (RCA) using the TempliPhi 100 Amplification System (GE Healthcare). RCA is a non-sequence-specific approach that permits amplification of circular DNA. The RCA products were linearized to release unit length ~2.6 kb DNA-A and DNA-B components using BamHI, and EcoRI, respectively. These products were cloned into pGEM3zf+ (Promega) and sequenced using M13F and M13 R primers and then by primer walking (>300 base overlap). Full-length DNA-A and DNA-B components were obtained, respectively, at 2,613 bp (GenBank Accession No. HM035059) and 2,594 bp (GenBank Accession No HM035060). Alignment of the DNA-A component using ClustalV (MegAlign, DNASTAR, Madison, WI) with begomoviral sequences available in GenBank indicated that it was 99% identical to OkYMMV DNA-A (GenBank Accession No. DQ022611). The closest relative to the DNA-B component (ClustalV) was Sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) (GenBank Accession No. AJ250731) at 73%. The nt identity of the 172-nt 'common region' present in the DNA-A and DNA-B components was 99%, and the iterons (predicted Rep binding motif) were identical for the two components, indicating that they are a cognate pair. The genome organization was typical of other New World bipartite begomoviruses. The economic losses due to infection by this virus could not be determined because an early freeze killed the plants. Hidalgo County is adjacent to Tamaulipas, Mexico, where ~50 km2 of okra are grown and the whitefly vector is also present. The identification of OkYMMV based on two independent detection methods, and the presence of begomovirus-like symptoms together with the whitefly vector, provide robust evidence for the association of OkYMMV-TX with diseased okra plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of OkYMMV-TX infecting okra crops in Texas and in the continental United States. References: (1) J. J. Doyle and J. L. Doyle. Focus 12:13, 1990. (2) S. Wyatt and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 86:1288, 1996.
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PMID:First Report of Okra yellow mosaic Mexico virus in Okra in the United States. 3074 73