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The aim of this study was to investigate total antioxidant (TAC), and oxidant capacity (TOC) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in milk of cows with subclinical mastitis. Brown Swiss and Holstein breed cows were screened with California Mastitis Test (CMT) to determine mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. Moreover, somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined electronically in all milk samples. Mammary quarters were classified as healthy (n=25) or subclinical mastitis (n=35) based on CMT scores and somatic cell count (SCC: < or =200,000/ml or >200,000/ml) in milk. Nitric oxide, TOC and SCC levels were significantly higher (p<0.001, p<0.005 and p<0.001, respectively) in milk from mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis compared to those from healthy mammary quarters. In conclusion, subclinical mastitis results in higher NO concentrations, TOC and SCC, and NO and TOC were positively correlated with SCC. Moreover, alterations in NO levels and TOC in milk could be used as an alternative diagnostic tool to screen for subclinical mastitis.
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PMID:Subclinical mastitis causes alterations in nitric oxide, total oxidant and antioxidant capacity in cow milk. 2013 56

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary antioxidants and storage on fatty acid profile, oxidative stability, and vitamin E concentration of n-3 fatty acid-enriched eggs. Eggs (384, 48/diet) were collected from ISA Brown layers fed diets containing corn-soy (control) with 100 g/kg of flax seed and 2 types of antioxidants [alpha-tocopherols (alpha-TOC) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)] at 0, 50, 100, or 150 IU or mg/kg. Eggs were stored at 4 degrees C. On d 0, 20, 40, and 60 of storage, 2 eggs were selected randomly from each replicate (totaling 12 eggs per treatment) and analyzed. Eggs from hens fed flax had increased alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6n-3) and decreased arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and total n-6:n-3 ratio when compared with control eggs (P<0.05). The n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio was lowest in the flax+50 IU of alpha-TOC, flax+100 IU of alpha-TOC, and flax+BHT supplemented group when compared with the flax group (P<0.05). With the exception of flax+100 mg of BHT, addition of antioxidants led to a reduction in palmitic acid in fresh eggs (P<0.05). During the first 20 d of storage, over a 17% reduction in total n-3 fatty acids was observed in eggs from flax+50 mg of BHT supplemented groups (P<0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid was the predominant long-chain n-3 fatty acid in egg and was stable during storage in the control, flax, flax+100 IU of alpha-TOC, flax+150 IU of alpha-TOC, and flax+150 mg of BHT groups. However, antioxidant supplementation had no effect on DHA upon storage in flax+50 IU of alpha-TOC and flax+50 mg of BHT eggs where over 13 to 17% reduction in DHA content was observed during 20 to 60 d of storage (P<0.05). Inclusion of alpha-TOC led to over 4.5- to 12-fold increases in alpha-TOC in eggs. Egg storage for 40 d or longer led to over 50% reduction in egg alpha-TOC (P<0.05). Feeding flax seeds led to an increase in TBA reactive substances in eggs (P<0.05). alpha-Tocopherol was better in preventing lipid oxidation than BHT at d 0 of storage. However, neither had a significant effect on egg TBA reactive substances upon 60 d of storage (P>0.05). These studies demonstrate that the level and type of antioxidants and duration of egg storage significantly affected the fatty acid profile, alpha-TOC status, and oxidative stability of chicken eggs.
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PMID:Oxidative stability and lipid components of eggs from flax-fed hens: effect of dietary antioxidants and storage. 2046 Jun 75

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of some antioxidant vitamins and trace elements on some metabolic and postpartum reproductive profiles in dairy cows during transition period. In the study, altogether 20 clinically healthy Brown Swiss dairy cows (aged 4-5 years-old) under the same management and feeding conditions in periparturient period were used. The animals were divided into two equal groups: control (C) and treatment (T) group (n=10 for each group). Vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) were administered intramuscularly into the cows of the T group, while isotonic saline, as placebo, was injected subcutaneously into those in the C group. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the jugular vein at the beginning of transition period, parturition and 3-weeks after the parturition. The metabolic and reproductive parameters were determined. In the C group, statistically significant changes were observed in the levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), total protein (TP) (p<0.05), glucose (GLU), progesterone (P4) (p<0.01), total cholesterol (T.CHOL), triglycerides (TG), UREA, creatinine (CRSC) and total bilirubin (TBIL) (p<0.001). In the T group, significant changes in the levels of NEFA, TBIL (p<0.05), T.CHOL, HDL, LDL (p<0.01), TG, GLU, P4, TAC and TOC (p<0.001) were observed. It was concluded that the administration of various vitamins and trace elements could be effective to improve some metabolic and reproductive profiles in dairy cows during the transition period.
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PMID:Effects of antioxidant vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) on some metabolic and reproductive profiles in dairy cows during transition period. 2809 10

During January 2014, open field and greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops in the peripheral areas of Riyadh region (Al-Aflaj, Al-Kharj, Al-Waseel, and Al-Dalam), Saudi Arabia, were surveyed. In all surveyed tomato crops, yellowing symptoms were observed on the lower leaves, possibly infected by a whitefly transmitted crinivirus (family Closteroviridae) such as Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and/or Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV). Dense population of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci G.) were present in all affected plants. Incidence of the yellowing disease varied between four greenhouses and three open field tomato crops, but in the majority of the tomato crops surveyed, symptoms typical of Begomovirus infection such as severe stunting, degeneration, upward cupping, distortion and interveinal yellowing of upper leaves, and flower abortion were also observed. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is endemic in Saudi Arabia causing severe crop losses (1). Twenty-six leaf samples from 24 symptomatic and two asymptomatic plants from four fields (three greenhouses and one open field crop) were collected and were processed in the lab at King Saud University. Whitefly transmission on tomato indicator plants was carried out using B. tabaci to fulfill Koch's postulates. Two hundred virus-free B. tabaci adults were confined to one of the collected symptomatic tomato sample singly infected with ToCV for a 48-h acquisition access period, followed by a 48-h inoculation access period on five healthy tomato plants Hybrid Super Strain B, using 40 whiteflies per plant. Crinivirus detection following transmission was conducted by RT-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from 26 collected leaf samples using the Total RNA Purification Kit and analyzed by SCRIPT One-Step RT-PCR Kit (Jena Bioscience). First, the degenerate primers HS-11/HS12 were used for amplification of a 587-bp fragment of the HSP70 gene of ToCV and TICV (3). Second, the RT-PCR product was subjected to a nested PCR using specific primers TIC-3/TIC-4 and TOC-5/TOC-6, for the detection of both TICV and ToCV, respectively (2). Finally, degenerate primers (AV494/AC1048) were used for detection of begomoviruses (4). No fragment was amplified by TIC-3/TIC-4 primer whereas TOC-5/TOC-6 amplified a size of 463 bp in all 24 symptomatic tested samples, including one mixed infection with TYLCV detected by AV494/AC1048. Asymptomatic samples did not produce any amplicon regarding TICV, ToCV, and Begomovirus detection. The amplicons of four positive fragments, each from one field, were further sequenced in both directions and all obtained sequences (KJ433488, KJ433489, KJ433490, and KJ433491) analyzed with BLAST and revealed 99% identity with the most closely deposited sequences in NCBI from Japan (AB513442) and Brazil (JQ952601). In the transmission tests, ToCV was detected to all tomato indicator plants which revealed yellowing symptoms 6 weeks post inoculation, whereas no transmission was obtained when non-viruliferous whitefly adults fed on two asymptomatic tomato leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ToCV infecting tomato crops in Saudi Arabia. Further studies are being carried out to study epidemiology and genetic diversity of this virus associated with yellowing diseases of tomato in different regions of Saudi Arabia. This finding is important for the tomato crops and possibly other virus hosts as may cause serious epidemics and crop losses. References: (1) A. M. Ajlan et al. Arab J. Biotech. 10:179, 2007. (3) C. I. Dovas et al. Plant Dis. 86:1345, 2002. (2) J. Navas-Castillo et al. Plant Dis. 84:835, 2000. (4) S. D. Whyatt and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 86:1288, 1996.
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PMID:First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) in Tomato Crops in Saudi Arabia. 3069 40