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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Research in vascular exercise has demonstrated remarkable improvement in symptoms of claudication without more expensive and invasive interventions. During the past 5 years, 86 patients have graduated from The Brown University Supervised Vascular Exercise Program. Patients demonstrate a threefold improvement in maximum walking distance after 12 weeks of training. Information available on 22 patients at 1-year and 2-year follow-ups show walking distance is improved or maintained with continued training. Components of the program are presented in 3 phases. Phase 1 addresses the comprehensive nursing assessment, cardiac screening, and progressive treadmill testing. Phase II includes specific method of exercise prescription and educational needs of peripheral vascular disease patients. Phase III discusses the importance of maintenance and motivating patients to continue.
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PMID:Components of an optimal exercise program for the treatment of patients with claudication. 1060 23

Considering the morphological findings in egyptian mummies at the beginning of the 20th century, atherosclerotic lesions were also apparent in pharaoh mummies more than 3500 years ago. Hippokrates (469-377 b.c.) described the sudden (cardiac) death, whereas Erasistratos had documented the typical claudication intermittens symptoms of peripheral arterial disease approximately 300 b.c. Later on in 1575, Fallopius observed severe pathological findings in arteries which he has characterized as a 'degeneration to bones', suggesting the presence of calcified atherosclerotic lesions. The relation between coronary lesions and the symptoms of angina pectoris was postulated in 1799 by Parry, however, only more than 80 years later angina pectoris was interpreted as a result of myocardial ischemia by Potain. During that time, the term 'arteriosclerosis' was firstly created by Lobstein in his 'Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie', published in 1835. With the beginning of the last century, the pathophysiological aspects of plaque development were investigated in more detail by a number of researchers. In this context, people such as Saltykow, Chalatow and Anitschkow are important to notice. In 1914, Anitschkow firstly described the role of cholesterol accumulation in the vessel wall for the development of atherosclerosis. He used a cholesterol-fed rabbit model, which is the most important model of experimental atherosclerosis up to now. He also firstly described the 'Cholesterinesterphagozyten', which today commonly are known as foam cells, derived from macrophages. Using the cholesterol-fed rabbit model as well, already in 1942, Ludden et al. could demonstrate the atheroprotective effect of estrogen experimentally, a finding, which got later confirmed in the primate model and epidemiological studies. In the last three decades our knowledge has expanded by a large number of findings, based on morphological, immunohistological and molecular methods. In this context, one major contribution was the discovery of the LDL-receptor and its importance for the development of atherosclerosis by Brown and Goldstein, and the setting up of the 'response to injury hypothesis' by Ross and Glomset. At the present, we understand atherosclerosis as a complex (and at least in part as a physiological) phenomenon, beginning in the early childhood. The pathological aspect, making it to a disease, is depending on individual growth dynamics and plaque localization. The following key processes during the development of atherosclerosis are identified: 1) Endothelial injury, 2) intimal cholesterol accumulation and monocyte invasion with subsequent foam cell formation, 3) migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells with expression of extracellular matrix 4) local thrombus formation with secondary organization 5) calcification and/or plaque rupture 6) final occlusion due to plaque rupture/thrombus formation. The classical concept of cardiovascular risk factors does only partially explain the origin of atherosclerosis. For the future, further mechanism(s) need to be identified and studied (genomic pathways, hormonal aspects, infective components, etc.) probably opening an effective therapeutical strategy to prevent and treat atherosclerotic diseases.
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PMID:The discovery of the pathophysiological aspects of atherosclerosis--a review. 1168 58

This study focuses on development of a simpler and nonfunctional model that includes all the same tissue components as the traditional hind limb allotransplantation in rats. Adult male inbred Wistar rats (WF, RT1u) weighing 250-300 g were used as syngeneic (n = 12) donors and recipients of a new experimental model for composite tissue allotransplantation. In the allogenic group (n = 4), adult male Brown Norway rats (BN, RT1n) weighing 200-250 g were used as donors. A groin-thigh osteo-myocutaneous flap, composed of skin (groin), muscle (thigh), and bone (2/3 femur), based on the femoral vessels and superficial epigastric vessels, was developed for composite tissue allotransplantation. All the flaps were successful except for two dying soon postoperatively. Histology confirmed vessel patency in the syngeneic group and acute rejection in the allogenic group. The total operative time was shortened compared with the standard and other modified models of rat hind limb allotransplantation. Advantages of this new model include its simplicity, relative purity, and the more humanistic fact that it does not cause claudication to the animals as does standard orthotopic hind limb transplantation, or extra-deformity to the recipients as does the heterotopic hind limb model.
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PMID:An alternative model of composite tissue allotransplantation: groin-thigh flap. 1826 72