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Query: UMLS:C0155339 (Brown)
 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immune reactivity in lymhoid organs of rats during the last week of syngeneic (Lewis: L x L) or allogeneic (females Lewis x males Wistar: L x W) pregnancy was compared with that found in non-pregnant animals. The thymus weight was slightly reduced and the response of thymic lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A was slightly, but not significantly, elevated in pregnant rats. By contrast, the response of lymphoid cells from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes to the mitogens was reduced in rats during advanced pregnancy. The immune response of lymphocytes from pregnant L x W rats to allogenic (Brown-Norway: BN) or semiallogeneic (W) irradiated cells was tested by the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) assay. The MLC response of para-aortic lymph nodes towards the unrelated BN cells was elevated over that of non-pregnant rats on day 15 of pregnancy. No significant enhancement was observed at the same time in the MLC response of mesenteric lymph nodes. On day 20 of pregnancy, a reduced MLC response towards BN cells was found in the mesenteric and para-aortic lymph nodes. On day 15 of pregnancy, the MLC response of mesenteric and, more markedly, that of para-aortic lymph nodes to paternal (W) cells was enhanced, as compared to that of non-pregnant rats. On day 20 of pregnancy, the response of mesenteric lymph nodes was suppressed, while the response of para-aortic lymph nodes was similar to that found in non-pregnant rats. Since the latter lymph nodes are the most directly exposed to antigenic stimulation from the uterus, it seems unlikely that the suppression in response to T-cell mitogens observed in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes during pregnancy accounts for the survival of the foetus. It seems more plausible that local factors in the vicinity of the uterus protect the foetus from being rejected.
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PMID:Changes in immunological activity of rat lymphoid organs during pregnancy. 14 23

A total of fifty Bulgarian Brown cows were used to test the effect of some hormonal and therapeutic preparations in combination with unspecific agents, having an irritation effect on the reticuloendothelial system, to establish their action on the quantitative and qualitative changes in the microbial flora of the uterus and the impregnantion of cows after calving. It was found that treatment after normal calving with 200,000 IU vitestrol and 20 IV hypophysin, and after rejection of the placenta with 2 g chloramphenicol, 15 g ac. citricum or sodium citrate and 0.2 g pilocarpinum hydrochloricum, coupled with the injection of 30-40 cm3 Filatov's tissue emulsion 8n the 5th day lowered the microbial count in the uterus by to 30.12% from the 1st to the 5th day and by 6.46 to 12.78% from the 10th to the 20th day. Parallel drop was established in the number of microbial species by 42%. Besides, it was noted that the cases of retentio secundinarum among the test cows and the number of cows with acute endometritis after calving decreased by 12%, on an average, the service period became shorter by 12.04 days, and the rate of conception at first insemination rose by 12% as compared with the controls.
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PMID:[Effect of several drugs and nonspecific substances on the uterine microflora of cows during the puerperal period and at the time of impregnation]. 21 34

A total of 85 cows were used to study the clinical course of the involution processes in the genital tract following calving. According to the season of calving the animals were divided into two groups: 1st group consisting of 29 cows whose calving and puerperium had taken place during the spring/summer period; IInd group of 56 cows with which these processes were observed in the autumn/winter period. Seven cows of each group were subjected to endocrinologic studies for the evaluation of the pituitary gonadotropic hormones (FSH, and LH) in the blood plasma, applying Brown's method and Parlow's method, respectively. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The intensity of the involution processes in the sexual apparatus of cows depends on the season. In the spring/summer period they usually last 34.3 days, and in the autumn and winter -- 37.5 days. 2. Fast involution of the uterus has been observed during the first two weeks after calving. This process is considerably delayed during the third week. 3. The yellow body regresses in the course of 14 days following calving. Up to the 35th day this has been established only im 3.5 per cent of the cows. Clinically, follicles in the ovaries are established as early as the 15th day after calving. 4. The FSH and LH level in the blood plasma during the first days after calving has been low -- 73.7 mg/% for FSH, and 7.04 mg/% for LH, both showing a rising trend. The peak values have been established between the 15th and 40th, and the 22nd and 28th day, respectively.
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PMID:[Clinical and endocrinological studies of the puerperium in cows]. 95 35

In totally 3740 cows of the breed German Brown Swiss distributed over 115 herds risk factors for the occurrence of diseases were analysed using a threshold model. Disease data were recorded by ten practitioners in southern Bavaria. The most frequent diseases were fertility disorders, followed by metabolic, udder and calving disorders. The influence of the herds could demonstrated clearly for all diseases analysed. The effect of the lactation number contributed significantly to the frequency of milk fever, mastitis, retained placenta, endometritis/metritis and ovary cysts. Heritability estimates vary between h2 = 0.5% and h2 = 4.2% with exception of anestrus/acyclia (h2 = 8.8%). With higher milk yield of cows the disease frequencies increase, especially fertility diseases. However, increasing herd milk yield is associated with decreasing disease frequencies. A depression of A.I.-parameters and an increase of culling rate caused by diseases could be observed. In the case of the occurrence of uterus- and ovary disorders days open are elongated by 58 days in comparison to cows without diseases. Recording of disease data for use in electronic data processing seems necessary, in order to diminish production diseases by breeding and herd control programmes. An important prerequisite in organization of disease data recording is an efficient cooperation between the veterinary practitioner, farmer, inseminator and the official milk recording organisation.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic and genetic analysis of veterinary data of German Brown cattle]. 177 92

Brown hares were made pseudopregnant by sterile matings or PMSG-hCG treatment (day of mating or hCG injection = Day 0 of pseudopregnancy). Progesterone secretion by the CL began 3-4 days after the ovulatory stimuli, reached maximum on Days 8 to 11 and decreased thereafter to reach low levels from Day 9 to 18, depending on the female. Cauterization of all large ovarian follicles on Day 7 resulted in an immediate luteolysis in young females, but had no effect in older ones. Oestradiol capsules implanted from Day 7 to Day 46 were able to maintain progesterone secretion until at least Day 30, in intact females as well as in females with all large follicles cauterized. Hysterectomy on Day 7 or 8 was followed by an immediate drop in progesterone concentrations; oestradiol capsules implanted at the time of hysterectomy prevented the drop in progesterone values, which remained elevated until Day 38. The induction of ovulation in females hysterectomized 2 months before resulted in CL of slightly shortened life-span. The injection of PGF-2 alpha on Day 7 of pseudopregnancy was followed by an immediate luteolysis. These results suggest that oestradiol secreted by the large ovarian follicles is the main luteotrophic factor in the brown hare. In old hares, the large amount of interstitial tissue could secrete oestrogens, and thus maintain pseudopregnancy. On Day 7 of pseudopregnancy, the uterus secretes a luteotrophic substance acting either directly on the ovary, or via the pituitary, to maintain oestradiol secretion by the follicles. In long-term hysterectomized females, the CL would be able to develop independently of any trophic substance, but for a reduced duration.
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PMID:Relative roles of oestradiol and of the uterus in the maintenance of the corpus luteum in the pseudopregnant brown hare (Lepus europaeus). 260 Sep 11

A study of the bacterial flora of the genitalia of nulliparous Savanna Brown does was carried out both before breeding and at different intervals postpartum to investigate the type of microbial organisms that could be present in the uterus, cervix and the vagina respectively. Of 29 pre-breeding vaginal swabs, Staphylococcus sp. was isolated from 20 goats, Streptococcus sp. from 15 goats and Micrococcus sp. from four goats. Mycoplasma agalactiae was isolated from five goats. The postpartum vagina did not show any appreciable change in the microbial flora, except that Escherichia coli was encountered in two cases. The uterus yielded E. coli from the goats slaughtered 2 days postpartum; Micrococcus sp. from goats slaughtered 12 days postpartum; Staph. aureus from goats slaughtered 16 days postpartum and Staph. aureus from goats slaughtered 24 days postpartum. Also in these two cases-a goat slaughtered at two days postpartum (dpp) and a goat slaughtered 16 dpp-E. coli was present in the uterus. Other isolates from the uteri of slaughtered goats were Micrococcus sp. (12 dpp), Staph. aureus and Micrococcus sp. (16 dpp) and Staph. aureus (24 dpp).
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PMID:Microbiology of the genitalia of nulliparous and postpartum Savanna brown goats. 359 Jun 21

Mouse kidney carnosinase (aminoacyl-L-histidine hydrolase, EC 3.4.13.3) has been isolated, the amino acid composition determined and antiserum prepared against it. The apparent subunit molecular weight is 58 000, which increases to 112 000 on crosslinking. Carnosinase is sensitive to chelating agents and is 50% inhibited by 0.3 microM EDTA, 35 microM o-phenanthroline, or 35 microM 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid. The Km for carnosine is 60 microM. Anserine is a poor substrate and homocarnosine a non-substrate, with Ki values of 37 and 17 microM, respectively. Mn2+ shifts the Km for carnosine to approx. 2 mM and increases the Vmax about 50%. The specific antiserum discriminates between this carnosinase and a second carnosinase activity which is absolutely dependent on Mn2+ for activity (Margolis, F.L., Grillo, M., Brown, C.E., Williams, T.H., Pitcher, R.G. and Elgar, G.J. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 570, 311-323). Immunocytochemistry with this antiserum has demonstrated carnosinase to be localized in proximal tubules of kidney, glandular cells of uterus and nasal olfactory mucosa and in vomeronasal and certain other nerve pathways.
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PMID:Purification, characterization and immunocytochemical localization of mouse kidney carnosinase. 634 77

Angus, Hereford and Red Poll crossbred yearling heifers (n = 81) were mated to Brown Swiss bulls. Pregnant heifers were assigned on the bases of weight and breed cross to one of three diets and fed to achieve maternal weight gains of 0, .5 or 1.0 kg/d. Heifers from each treatment group were slaughtered at about 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, or 255 d postmating. Reproductive tracts were recovered at slaughter. Weights of the gravid uterus, fetus, fetal membranes, fetal fluids, uterus, cotyledons and placenta were obtained and have been reported previously. Fetuses were frozen and later ground, mixed and sampled. Dry matter was determined. Samples of each fetus were ashed, and concentrations of Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe and Zn were determined. Relationships between total fetal content of each mineral and day postmating were obtained, and daily fetal accretion rates of each mineral were estimated for several stages of gestation. Daily requirements and allowances of each mineral for pregnancy in beef cows were estimated. Estimated allowances for Ca, P, Na, K, Fe and Zn were small during early gestation but increased rapidly and reached maxima of 8.4 g, 5.2 g, .76 g, .63 g, 65 mg and 21 mg, respectively, at about 250 d postmating.
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PMID:Mineral accretion during prenatal growth of cattle. 708 20

Studied were a total of 119 cows of the Bulgatian Brown breed in different physiologic status at various numbers of days following parturition. Thirty-seven of the animals showed puerperal endometritis, while the remaining showed a normal course during puerperium. Uterine secretion and biopsic material for bacteriologic and histologic investigation were taken from all cows. Sixteen species of organisms were isolated from the animals with endometritis, and 12 species - from those with normal puerperium. Highest bacterial counts in both groups were found on the eighth to twelfth day, however, with the endometritis-affected cows they remained at a comparatively high level up to the 40th day after giving birth. With the cows of normal puerperium the bacterial count was found to drop abruptly after the twelfth day. No correlation was found between the bacterial and the histologic finding. Histologically, recovery processes set in by the 25th-30th day and clinically, the involution of the uterus set in by the 30th-35th day after calving.
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PMID:[Bacterial contamination, clinical and pathohistological findings in the sex organs of cows following parturition]. 711 33

Oxytocin, the most powerful uterotonic agent known, is released from the pituitary gland in large amounts during parturition in all placental mammals studied so far, including humans. Although parturition can proceed in its absence, oxytocin is thought to play an important role (see Russell & Leng, 1998). In the rat, pregnancy normally lasts for 21 days. About 24 h before the pups are born, increased production of prostaglandins by the uterus induces luteolysis, and ovarian progesterone production falls dramatically. This fall is an essential prelude to parturition; if prevented, then the rat pups will remain unborn. The fall leads to a further increase in prostaglandin production, and, directly or indirectly, to a host of changes that prepare the uterus and birth canal for parturition. In the last few hours of pregnancy, oxytocin receptors appear in high concentrations in the uterus, and establish a positive-feedback loop between the uterus and the hypothalamic oxytocin system. Uterine contractions, triggered by prostaglandins, excite the oxytocin cells, and oxytocin release triggers further prostaglandin production and further uterine contraction. Thus progesterone plays a critical role in the timing of parturition through its peripheral actions (see Leng & Brown, 1997). A paper in this issue of The Journal of Physiology (Brussaard et al. 1999) suggests that actions of progesterone at the oxytocin cells in the hypothalamus may also be important for parturition. Classically, progesterone acts through specific intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. However, metabolites of progesterone can also have membrane actions, and in particular, allopregnanolone can act at GABAA receptors to potentiate the actions of GABA, depending upon the particular subunit composition of the receptor. GABA is an important neurotransmitter for oxytocin cells about 45 % of all synapses onto them contain GABA, and the total number of GABA synapses in the supraoptic nucleus is substantially higher in lactating animals than in virgins (El Majdoubi et al. 1997). The GABA innervation appears to play a role in patterning the pulsatile discharge of oxytocin cells that is observed both during parturition and during suckling-induced reflex milk ejection (Moos, 1995; Voisin et al. 1995). Brussaard et al. (1999) recorded GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous monoquantal inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) from rat supraoptic neurones in hypothalamic slices in vitro. They found a higher incidence of sIPSCs in pregnant rats than in virgin rats, consistent with the observations of an increase in the density of GABA-containing synaptic boutons. Importantly, the sIPSCs were markedly prolonged in the presence of allopregnanolone. Taking into account the frequency and amplitude of sIPSCs, the action of allopregnanolone and the hypertrophy of oxytocin neurones in lactation (reflected in increased capacitance), Brussaard et al. (1999) inferred that the effective GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic current density was much greater in pregnant rats than in virgin or lactating rats. Thus the collapse of progesterone production at term may abruptly reduce the effectiveness of GABA inhibition, and thereby enhance the excitability of oxytocin cells. Clearly this may be important during parturition, but the effect may not persist for long. Indeed, within a day the duration of sIPSCs is significantly longer in the absence of allopregnanolone, which now has no significant effect. This seems to be due to a rapid switch in the types of a subunits inserted into the GABAA receptors. By mid-lactation, a massive change in expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs is apparent. With competitive polymerase chain reaction Brussaard and colleagues found that, while the expression of both a1 and a2 subunit mRNAs was increased, the ratio of a1 : a2 subunit mRNA expression was changed 8-fold in favour of a2 subunit mRNA. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:Coming to term with GABA 1008 58


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