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 12,436 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stuttering is a speech disorder characterised by repetitions, prolongations and blocks that disrupt the forward movement of speech. An earlier meta-analysis of brain imaging studies of stuttering (Brown et al., 2005) revealed a general trend towards rightward lateralization of brain activations and hyperactivity in the larynx motor cortex bilaterally. The present study sought not only to update that meta-analysis with recent work but to introduce an important distinction not present in the first study, namely the difference between 'trait' and 'state' stuttering. The analysis of trait stuttering compares people who stutter (PWS) with people who do not stutter when behaviour is controlled for, i.e., when speech is fluent in both groups. In contrast, the analysis of state stuttering examines PWS during episodes of stuttered speech compared with episodes of fluent speech. Seventeen studies were analysed using activation likelihood estimation. Trait stuttering was characterised by the well-known rightward shift in lateralization for language and speech areas. State stuttering revealed a more diverse pattern. Abnormal activation of larynx and lip motor cortex was common to the two analyses. State stuttering was associated with overactivation in the right hemisphere larynx and lip motor cortex. Trait stuttering was associated with overactivation of lip motor cortex in the right hemisphere but underactivation of larynx motor cortex in the left hemisphere. These results support a large literature highlighting laryngeal and lip involvement in the symptomatology of stuttering, and disambiguate two possible sources of activation in neuroimaging studies of persistent developmental stuttering.
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PMID:Stuttering as a trait or state - an ALE meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. 2819 30

Developmental stuttering is a speech disorder most likely due to a heritable form of developmental dysmyelination impairing the function of the speech-motor system. Speech-induced brain-activation patterns in persons who stutter (PWS) are anomalous in various ways; the consistency of these aberrant patterns is a matter of ongoing debate. Here, we present a hierarchical series of coordinate-based meta-analyses addressing this issue. Two tiers of meta-analyses were performed on a 17-paper dataset (202 PWS; 167 fluent controls). Four large-scale (top-tier) meta-analyses were performed, two for each subject group (PWS and controls). These analyses robustly confirmed the regional effects previously postulated as "neural signatures of stuttering" (Brown, Ingham, Ingham, Laird, & Fox, 2005) and extended this designation to additional regions. Two smaller-scale (lower-tier) meta-analyses refined the interpretation of the large-scale analyses: (1) a between-group contrast targeting differences between PWS and controls (stuttering trait); and (2) a within-group contrast (PWS only) of stuttering with induced fluency (stuttering state).
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PMID:Stuttering, induced fluency, and natural fluency: a hierarchical series of activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. 2546 20

Purpose This response addresses comments made by Marcotte (2019) regarding our recent publication, "Preliminary Evidence That Growth in Productive Language Differentiates Childhood Stuttering Persistence and Recovery" ( Leech, Bernstein Ratner, Brown, & Weber, 2017 ). Marcotte calls into question our finding that language growth is a valid predictor of recovery from stuttering because we did not account for treatment and family history. Conclusions In response to her comments, we provide additional empirical analyses couched in a larger discussion of the difficulty of calibrating treatment and family history of stuttering. In short, we show that once treatment history and family history of stuttering are accounted for, the effect of language growth remains a significant predictor of stuttering persistence.
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PMID:Language Growth Predicts Stuttering Persistence Over and Above Family History and Treatment Experience: Response to Marcotte. 3105 72

Purpose Two studies published recently in this journal sought to expand on previous attempts to explain and predict young children's recovery from stuttering. This letter addresses the influence of treatment on such research. Conclusions Recent publications from Kefalianos et al. (2017) and Leech, Bernstein Ratner, Brown, and Weber (2017) added to previous information that gender and language ability (or language growth) may be related to children's recovery from stuttering. The conclusions from both studies are difficult to interpret, however, because neither incorporated two factors known to influence children's recovery: a family history of recovery and, especially, the type and timing of treatment. Consideration of these two articles therefore raises multiple empirical, theoretical, and clinical issues that deserve to be fully addressed if our discipline is seeking to understand and to maximize recovery for young children who stutter.
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PMID:The Influence of Treatment on Children's Recovery From Stuttering: Comments on Kefalianos et al. (2017) and Leech et al. (2017). 3105 70