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There is a growing knowledge of the predictors of depressive or anxious feelings during pregnancy among prospective fathers, and the present study investigates how paternal adverse childhood experiences relate to anxious and depressive feelings during pregnancy. Participants were recruited to "The Little in Norway Study (LIN-study)" (2010) at different well-baby clinics in Norway; 976 fathers consented to participate in the study, of which 881 had valid data for adverse childhood experiences. The study reports on the relationship between the Adverse Childhood Experience Scale (ACE Scale; R.F. Anda, A. Butchart, V.J. Felitti, & D.W. Brown, 2010) and depressive feelings, using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; M. Eberhard-Gran & K. Slinning, 2007), and pregnancy-related anxiety, using the Pregancy-Related Anxiety Scale-Revised (PRAQ-R; A.C. Huizink, E.J. Mulder, D.M.P.G. Robles, & G.H. Visser, 2004). Data collection was comprised of five time points during pregnancy: Time 1 (T1; Weeks 8-34) and four follow-up time points; Time 2 (T2: Weeks 20-25), Time 3 (T3: Weeks 26-31), Time 4 (T4: Weeks 32-34), and Time 5 (T5: Week 36). Fathers' with higher ACE scores reported more pregnancy-related anxiety than did fathers with lower scores at all time points in pregnancy, except at T5 (36 weeks), while also reporting more depressive feelings during pregnancy. Health providers and community centers should pay more attention to fathers' mental health during pregnancy, as the whole family system needs to be considered during pregnancy to provide optimal healthcare. Adverse childhood experiences among fathers-to-be may increase depressive and anxious feelings during pregnancy.
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PMID:Prospective fathers' adverse childhood experiences, pregnancy-related anxiety, and depression during pregnancy. 2550 32

Previous research suggests the prelimbic (PL) cortex is involved in expression of conditioned fear (Burgos-Robles, Vidal-Gonzalez, & Quirk, 2009; Corcoran & Quirk, 2007). However, there is a long history of research in the appetitive domain which implicates this region in using higher-order cues to modulate a behavioural response (Birrell & Brown, 2000; Floresco, Block, & Tse, 2008; Marquis, Killcross, & Haddon, 2007; Sharpe & Killcross, 2014). For example, the PL cortex is necessary to allow animals to use contextual cues to disambiguate response conflict in ambiguous circumstances (Marquis et al., 2007). Using an ABA fear renewal procedure, we assessed the role of the PL cortex in using contextual cues to modulate a response towards a conditioned stimulus (CS) in an aversive setting. We found that pre-training lesions of the PL cortex did not impact on the expression or extinction of conditioned fear. Rather, they selectively abolished renewal. Functional inactivation of the PL cortex during extinction did not disrupt the subsequent renewal of conditioned fear or the ability of animals to exhibit fear towards a CS during the extinction session. However, PL inactivation during the renewal test session disrupted the ability of animals to demonstrate a reinstatement of responding in the renewal context. An analysis of orienting responses showed that renewal deficits were accompanied by a lack of change in attentional responding towards the CS. These data suggest the PL cortex uses contextual cues to modulate both a behavioural and an attentional response during aversive procedures. We argue that the role of the PL cortex in the expression of conditioned fear is to use higher-order information to modulate responding towards predictive cues in ambiguous circumstance.
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PMID:The prelimbic cortex uses contextual cues to modulate responding towards predictive stimuli during fear renewal. 2546 11