Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0154059 (Esophagus)
 2,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The esophagus of the flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, was studied to determine how salinity of ingested seawater (SW) is decreased before fluid absorption in the intestine. Drinking rate was 2.5 ml X h-1 X kg-1. Stomach fluid osmolality was 45% that of seawater, and intestinal fluid was isosmotic to plasma. Esophagus and stomach were nearly impermeable to 28Mg; thus Mg concentrations were accurate indicators of fluid addition and NaCl removal between pharynx and stomach. Measurements of water and ion fluxes across isolated esophageal epithelium mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed by Ringer solution showed that the tritiated water flux was lower in esophagus than in intestine and that 22Na flux ratio was 1.4 (Jm leads to s/Js leads to m) regardless of acclimation medium (100 or 10% SW). Potential difference was zero, and electrical resistance averaged 90 omega X cm2. Mucosal-to-serosal Na transport was inhibited by 0.1 mM amiloride, 0.1 mM ouabain, and Cl-free medium, whereas 1.0 mM furosemide had no effect. Net esophageal Na absorption (mucosal-to-serosal) averaged 10.0 mumol X h-1 X cm-2 with mucosa exposed to SW and was inhibited 46% by 0.1 mM ouabain. Taken together the above observations suggest a role for both passive and active esophageal Na transport in SW desalination.
 ...
PMID:Esophageal desalination of seawater in flounder: role of active sodium transport. 666 Mar 33

Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) and anorectal malformations (ARM) represent the severe ends of the fore- and hindgut malformation spectra. Previous research suggests that environmental factors are implicated in their etiology. These risk factors might indicate the influence of specific etiological mechanisms on distinct developmental processes (e.g. fore- vs. hindgut malformation). The present study compared environmental factors in patients with isolated EA/TEF, isolated ARM, and the combined phenotype during the periconceptional period and the first trimester of pregnancy in order to investigate the hypothesis that fore- and hindgut malformations involve differing environmental factors. Patients with isolated EA/TEF (n = 98), isolated ARM (n = 123), and the combined phenotype (n = 42) were included. Families were recruited within the context of two German multicenter studies of the genetic and environmental causes of EA/TEF (great consortium) and ARM (CURE-Net). Exposures of interest were ascertained using an epidemiological questionnaire. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to assess differences between the three phenotypes. Newborns with isolated EA/TEF and the combined phenotype had significantly lower birth weights than newborns with isolated ARM (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Mothers of isolated EA/TEF consumed more alcohol periconceptional (80%) than mothers of isolated ARM or the combined phenotype (each 67%). Parental smoking (P = 0.003) and artificial reproductive techniques (P = 0.03) were associated with isolated ARM. Unexpectedly, maternal periconceptional multivitamin supplementation was most frequent among patients with the most severe form of disorder, i.e. the combined phenotype (19%). Significant differences in birth weight were apparent between the three phenotype groups. This might be attributable to the limited ability of EA/TEF fetuses to swallow amniotic fluid, thus depriving them of its nutritive properties. Furthermore, the present data suggest that fore- and hindgut malformations involve differing environmental factors. Maternal periconceptional multivitamin supplementation was highest among patients with the combined phenotype. This latter finding is contrary to expectation, and warrants further analysis in large prospective epidemiological studies.
Dis Esophagus 2016 Nov
PMID:Comparison of environmental risk factors for esophageal atresia, anorectal malformations, and the combined phenotype in 263 German families. 2654 87