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Query: UMLS:C0154059 (Esophagus)
 2,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

India is a vast subcontinent with 845 million peoples occupying 2.5% of land mass of the earth, but carrying 15% of the world population. It is a multiracial society with widely varying cultures, habits, languages and many different ethnic groups. The pattern of cancer, therefore, mainly depends on their habits and life styles apart from other variations. Head, Neck & Esophagus cancers in the male and cervix and breast cancers in the females are the main cancers. All together they form nearly 60% of all cancers. The incidence rates are around 90/100,000 though this is an underestimate as cancer is not a notifiable disease in India. It is estimated that by the year 2,000 there will be six million cancer patients in India at any given time with nearly 2 million new patients annually. The over-all facilities for cancer treatment vary widely from metropolitan cities to rural areas where 70% of the Indian population lives. In major cities, good to excellent treatment facilities exist in comprehensive cancer centres--yet in the rural setting the facilities are sketchy at best or non-existent at worst. The Government of India in its national cancer policy has recognized regional cancer centres and consolidated other existing centres. There are 10 regional cancer centres thus identified, each one at a different level of development. For optimal requirements at least 600 teletherapy units, (existing 150--not always functional) 100 departments of surgical oncology and an equal number of medical oncology divisions are needed (existing 20). The demand for cancer treatment facilities are, therefore, very high with poor available facility. Nearly 50% of patients present late for treatment and therefore appropriate education in prevention and early diagnosis are important factors. The Government of India through Ministry of Health has identified cancer as a major health problem by the year 2,000 and hence planning by the National Cancer Plan is operative in many States. Major cancer institutions (like the Tata Memorial Centre) have taken a lead to intensify the public and professional educational activities and have developed rural modules for primary and secondary prevention. The author exemplifies this by actual on the spot activities of the rural centre and stresses that in a country like India, the need is to develop small community cancer centres with the rural cancer effort as the base so as to reach out to the community for early diagnosis of treatment.
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PMID:The facilities and challenges for cancer control in India. 151 27

A 28-year-old man had been dysphagic for 9 months with a weight loss of 4 kg. A preliminary diagnosis of primary achalasia was made on the basis of typical radiological and manometric findings. Despite balloon dilatation of the cardia the symptoms did not improve and further diagnostic tests were performed. Ultrasound demonstrated a 4 cm tumour below the cardia. But its type and possible malignancy remained uncertain even at laparotomy. But as a malignant tumour was suspected a gastrectomy and omentectomy with removal of the local and regional lymph nodes were performed. After this the symptoms regressed and postoperative food intake was without problem. Histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed leiomyomatosis of the cardia and the gastric fundus, combined with a low-malignant B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue. Oesophagus manometry 4 months postoperatively gave normal results. The patient has been free of symptoms and without evidence of recurrence for by now 18 months postoperatively.
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PMID:[Secondary achalasia in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low malignancy and leiomyomatosis of the cardia]. 150 59

Esophagus cancer is a heterogeneous disease with considerable differences in malignant behaviour. Some relevant factors for prognosis are known. In this study we analyzed DNA-ploidy as a potential prognostic parameter in esophagus carcinoma. Paraffin embedded histological material from 50 patients with an esophagus cancer, obtained by resection, were selected for analysis. Tumor areas within the paraffin material were identified by HE-stained reference sections. One 50 microns section was dewaxed, rehydrated and mechanically and enzymatically treated to a suspension of 10,000 cells/ml. 1 ml of the suspension, containing bare nuclei with small rests of cytoplasma was centrifuged on glass slides. The fixed nuclei were air-dried and stained by Feulgen-SITS technique, which allows quantitative measurement of DNA. The DNA analysis was carried out with a computer-controlled single cell cytophotometry (Leytas 2, Leitz, Wetzlar). In contrast to the flow cytometry with image cytometry only tumors cells were measured. Overlapping nuclei, dirt and other artefacts as well as inflammatory cells were efficiently eliminated. With the DNA image cytometry we could differentiate between diploid and hypotriploid, hypertriploid aneuploid tumors. Best prognosis had diploid and hypotriploid tumors, the worst hypertriploid carcinomas. In the multivariate analysis the DNA-content of the tumor cells in esophagus cancer was the only prognostic parameter. DNA-content of tumor cells may become considerably clinical relevant in esophagus cancer for the decision to perform a resection or palliative treatment. In patients with hypertriploid tumors an adjuvant oncological therapy may increase the prognosis.
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PMID:[Image analysis of DNA cytometry for assessing prognosis after resection of esophageal cancer]. 165 66

Esophagus cancer surgery often becomes complicated with fistulas and above all with infections. In 50 cases, the authors relate 7 fistulas and 60 nosocomial infections among which pneumonia takes the first place. The pneumonia diagnosis has been established on the criteria of the "National Nosocomial Infection Study" and on bacteriologic samples. Those mostly isolate Gram-bacilli and streptococci. The diagnosis and etiologic factors leading to prophylactic measures are studied.
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PMID:[Nosocomial pneumonia following surgery of esophageal tumors (apropos of 50 cases)]. 188 70

In this paper an attempt has been made to study the geographic variations in cancer incidence at various sites, by sex, in Greater Bombay. Crude incidence rates at each site for individual wards have been calculated using the data collected by the Bombay Cancer Registry, for the years 1979 to 1984. To study the variations highest and lowest crude incidence rates in the different wards and the ratio of the highest to the lowest rates for each primary site were calculated. Detailed analyses show that there is a positive relationship between male and female rates for certain sites such as the Buccal Mucosa, Oesophagus, Stomach, Colon, Rectum and Liver. The Tongue, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, Lung and Larynx present rates that vary widely in males but only slightly in females. Sites such as the Pancreas, Hodgkin's Disease, Lymphoma and Leukaemias do not seem to present any particular pattern. It was interesting to find that those sites where environmental factors are of likely value, such as excessive tobacco chewing and smoking tend to fall in the second category. Particularly striking is the the fact, that habits of etiological value are those to which men are more frequently addicted to than women, probably explaining the low rates in females of the wide variation in male rates.
Indian J Cancer 1990 Mar
PMID:Geographic differences in cancer incidence by sex at various sites in city wards in Greater Bombay. 239 Nov 27

We encountered a case of brain metastasis from asymptomatic esophageal cancer. A 50-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis and bilateral choked discs. The brain CT scan demonstrated ring-like, enhanced tumor with perifocal edema in the left parietal lobe. The chest X-ray showed no abnormalities. The histology of the brain tumor that was totally removed after irradiation, showed a poorly differentiated squamous cancer. By the following study, an esophageal cancer of Borrman II type and 8 cm in length at the middle third segment detected. The histology of biopsy specimen showed findings similar to those of the brain tumor. He was not operated on, and received irradiation and chemotherapy. The esophageal carcinoma was reduced markedly, then he fully recovered in social life taking maintenance therapy for cancer. Seven cases of metastatic brain tumor from esophagus have been reported in literature. Esophagus carcinomas with brain metastasis were situated at the lower third in 6 cases with the exception of one without description, although esophageal carcinomas in general most frequently occur in the middle third. In any of the cases so far reported, no lung tumor was demonstrated by the chest X-ray, so the route of metastasis via vertebral vein system as proposed by Batson (1940) may explain the fact.
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PMID:[Intracerebral metastasis of esophageal carcinoma--a case report and review of literature]. 404 11

For improved local control or palliation of oesophageal cancers, Intra-luminal brachytherapy (ILB) has emerged as an increasingly popular treatment modality of therapy in recent years. In combination with external radiotherapy, afterloaded ILB can increase local control rates and may prolong survival of these patients. In this paper two techniques of ILB viz., manual and low dose-rate remote after loading methods, using Caesium-137 tubes and pellets respectively, are described in detail. On comparison of these two techniques it was found that both of them were similar with respect to their physical characteristics (dose rate, dose fall-off, maximum spinal cord dose, total reference air kerma, etc.). Clinically, the manual afterloaded ILB technique was found to be easier to use when compared with the low-dose rate remote afterloader. In addition, the number of patients with uterine cancers being high in a developing country, it was found that it was inappropriate to use the low dose remote afterloaders, designed for use in gynaecological cancers, for ILB of oesophageal cancers. Therefore, in the absence of high dose rate afterloaders, which can be utilized for intracavitary treatments of both uterine and oesophageal malignancies effectively, the manual after-loading ILB system as described in this paper could be a practical alternative. Cancer Oesophagus, Intraluminal radiotherapy technique.
Indian J Cancer 1993 Dec
PMID:Intraluminal brachytherapy in carcinoma of the oesophagus: comparison of afterloading techniques. 751 44

Accurate dose calculations in lung are important to assess lung and tumour dose in various radiotherapy cancer patients. Those patients of particular relevance are Ca lung and Ca Oesophagus patients because large volumes of lung are irradiated to high doses. In this paper, dosimetry results for megavoltage X-ray beams obtained in a lung phantom are compared with dose computations produced by (1) effective path length, (2) equivalent tissue-air ratio, (3) super-position/convolution and (4) Monte Carlo dose calculation methods. The mid-lung dose error at 10 MV for a 5 x 5 cm field is 10.0%, 6.7%, 1.9% and 0.6% respectively. Tests at the lower energy of 6 MV with a field size of 10 x 10 cm show a mid-lung error of only 2.0% for the equivalent tissue air ratio method. At this energy it appears that central axis dose voids are sufficiently small to enable the routine use of the equivalent tissue air ratio method. At the higher energies tested, 10 and 18 MV, this method is accurate. Superposition and Monte Carlo methods are presented which show good agreement with experimental results in a lung phantom even in regions of lateral electron disequilibrium.
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PMID:Radiotherapy X-ray beam inhomogeneity corrections: the problem of lateral electronic disequilibrium in lung. 812 87

Oral cavity. Most carcinomas in situ of the oral cavity present as red or pink lesions that do not have a keratinized surface. Scrapings of such lesions readily disclose abnormal squamous cells diagnostic of cancer. Scrapings of the keratinized white lesions (so-called leukoplakia) are of no diagnostic value. Dentists, who are most likely to uncover precancerous lesions, are apparently not aware of the diagnostic options based on simple scrape smears. The method is also applicable to follow-up of patients with treated cancer of the oral cavity. Esophagus. Cytologic evaluation of esophageal cancer, initially by washings and subsequently by brushings under endoscopic control, is an established method of diagnosis. The diagnostic results are very good in symptomatic cancer patients and have an accuracy reaching 85-90%. Unfortunately the results of treatment of advanced lesions are very poor, with 5-year survival of only about 5%. Serious efforts at detection of early esophageal cancer started in China in the 1960s, using an abrasive balloon technique which was applied to asymptomatic populations in high risk areas such as Linxian in the Henan province of Central China. The Chinese investigators reported the finding of numerous precancerous lesions of the esophagus classified as carcinoma in situ and as dysplasia. Surgical resection of some of the precursor lesions apparently resulted in a significant drop in the rate of invasive carcinoma, although the statistical results were not convincingly presented. The balloon technique has been tested by us and by others in South Africa and in Transkei, confirming its efficacy in the diagnosis of early esophageal cancer. Peripheral lung. Sputum and bronchial brush cytology may uncover bronchogenic carcinoma in situ and early invasive cancers located in the primary or secondary bronchi. Small, peripheral lung lesions usually do not shed cells in sputum or brushings, and their discovery is usually based on roentgenologic finding. The identity of such lesions can be confirmed in most cases by a transcutaneous aspiration. Most of the peripheral malignant lesions are small adenocarcinomas or epidermoid carcinomas, both resectable by routine surgical procedures. Less commonly, oat cell carcinomas may be observed and these lesions should not be treated by surgery. Benign lesions such as granulomatous inflammation and fungal infections may also be identified by aspiration techniques. The prognosis of the resectable carcinomas varies with their size and the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Cytologic diagnosis of oral, esophageal, and peripheral lung cancer. 841 10

Two hundred eleven cases, 27.1%, of multiple primary cancers of esophagus and other organs were found in 778 cases of esophageal cancers which were treated in our institution. Among them, double cancer accounted for 92.9%, triple cancer accounted for 6.6% and quadruple cancer for 0.5%. As for the other organ of esophageal double cancer. 59.9% of them were head and neck, 25.1% were stomach, 4.9% were colon and rectum, and remaining included liver, breast, lymphoma lung kidney etc. Head and neck cancers consisted with hypopharynx, tongue, larynx, oral floor and gingiva regarding incidence in its order. For discovering of double cancer in esophagus and other organs, 1. head and neck, stomach, colon and rectum, lung, liver etc. should be investigated preoperatively in the patients of esophageal cancer, 2. Esophagus should be examined preoperatively in the patients of these cancers, 3. Screening of esophageal cancer should be performed in the patients of high risks of esophageal cancer. As for the multiple primary cancer of esophagus and other organs, the balance of treatment should be considered to take the priority of the cancer limiting the prognosis.
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PMID:[Esophageal cancer and multiple primary cancer]. 902 Sep 38


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