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Query: UMLS:C0153640 (Cerebellum)
 1,777 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thyroid hormones are required for human brain development, but data on local regulation are limited. We describe the ontogenic changes in T(4), T(3), and rT(3) and in the activities of the types I, II, and III iodothyronine deiodinases (D1, D2, and D3) in different brain regions in normal fetuses (13-20 wk postmenstrual age) and premature infants (24-42 wk postmenstrual age). D1 activity was undetectable. The developmental changes in the concentrations of the iodothyronines and D2 and D3 activities showed spatial and temporal specificity but with divergence in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. T(3) increased in the cortex between 13 and 20 wk to levels higher than adults, unexpected given the low circulating T(3). Considerable D2 activity was found in the cortex, which correlated positively with T(4) (r = 0.65). Cortex D3 activity was very low, as was D3 activity in germinal eminence and choroid plexus. In contrast, cerebellar T(3) was very low and increased only after midgestation. Cerebellum D3 activities were the highest (64 fmol/min.mg) of the regions studied, decreasing after midgestation. Other regions with high D3 activities (midbrain, basal ganglia, brain stem, spinal cord, hippocampus) also had low T(3) until D3 started decreasing after midgestation. D3 was correlated with T(3) (r = -0.682) and rT(3)/T(3) (r = 0.812) and rT(3)/T(4) (r = 0.889). Our data support the hypothesis that T(3) is required by the human cerebral cortex before midgestation, when mother is the only source of T(4). D2 and D3 play important roles in the local bioavailability of T(3). T(3) is produced from T(4) by D2, and D3 protects brain regions from excessive T(3) until differentiation is required.
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PMID:Iodothyronine levels in the human developing brain: major regulatory roles of iodothyronine deiodinases in different areas. 1524 May 79

Thyroid hormone plays an essential role in proper mammalian development of the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Lack of sufficient thyroid hormone results in abnormal development of virtually all organ systems, a syndrome termed cretinism. In particular, hypothyroidism in the neonatal period causes serious damage to neural cells and leads to mental retardation. Although thyroxine is the major product secreted by the thyroid follicular cells, the action of thyroid hormone is mediated mainly through the deiodination of T(4) to the biologically active form 3,3', 5-triiodo-L-thyronine, followed by the binding of T(3) to a specific nuclear receptor. Before reaching the intracellular targets, thyroid hormone must cross the plasma membrane. Because of the lipophilic nature of thyroid hormone, it was thought that they traversed the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. However, in the past decade, a membrane transport system for thyroid hormone has been postulated to exist in various tissues. Several classes of transporters, organic anion transporter polypeptide (oatp) family, Na(+)/Taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (ntcp) and amino acid transporters have been reported to transport thyroid hormones. Monocarboxylate transporter8 (MCT8) has recently been identified as an active and specific thyroid hormone transporter. Mutations in MCT8 are associated with severe X-linked psycomotor retardation and strongly elevated serum T3 levels in young male patients. Several other molecules should be contributed to exert the role of thyroid hormone in the central nervous system.
Cerebellum 2008
PMID:Thyroid hormone transporters in the brain. 1841 73

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in mammalian brain development. The developing brain is sensitive to both TH deficiency and excess. Brain development in the absence of TH results in motor skill deficiencies and reduced intellectual development. These functional abnormalities can be attributed to maldevelopment of specific cell types and regions of the brain including the cerebellum. TH functions at the molecular level by regulating gene transcription. Therefore, understanding how TH regulates cerebellar development requires identification of TH-regulated gene targets and the cells expressing these genes. Additionally, the process of TH-dependent regulation of gene expression is tightly controlled by mechanisms including regulation of TH transport, TH metabolism, toxicologic inhibition of TH signaling, and control of the nuclear TH response apparatus. This review will describe the functional, cellular, and molecular effects of TH deficit in the developing cerebellum and emphasize the most recent findings regarding TH action in this important brain region.
Cerebellum 2008
PMID:Thyroid hormone and cerebellar development. 1841 81

Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in cerebellar development. Deficiency of thyroid hormone results in abnormal cerebellar growth and differentiation. In rodent, thyroid hormone mainly affects cerebellar development during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. Thyroid hormone replacement after such critical period cannot fully rescue abnormal cerebellar development induced by perinatal hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that binds to a specific DNA sequence called thyroid-hormone-responsive element. TR recruits various coregulators such as coactivator and corepressor in a ligand-dependent manner to regulate transcription of target genes. In cerebellum, at least three different TRs are expressed in a cell-specific manner. TRbeta1 is expressed predominantly in the Purkinje cell, whereas TRalpha1 in other subset of neurons. Although these TRs are widely expressed during the cerebellar development and their levels are greater in adult, the expression of many thyroid-hormone-responsive genes is altered by thyroid hormone status only during early postnatal critical period. Not only the expression levels of TRs but also those of cofactors and other nuclear receptors may play a role in regulating thyroid hormone sensitivity in the developing cerebellum. In this article, the effect of thyroid hormone on morphological development of cerebellum and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action are introduced. Furthermore, possible involvement of other nuclear receptors and cofactors in thyroid hormone action in the developing cerebellum is also discussed.
Cerebellum 2008
PMID:The role of thyroid hormone on cerebellar development. 1892 18

Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in the development and functional maintenance of the central nervous system including the cerebellum. To study the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action, various animal models have been used. These are classified: (1) congenital hypothyroid animals due to thyroid gland dysgenesis or thyroid dyshormonogenesis, (2) thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene-mutated animals, and (3) thyroid hormone transport or metabolism-modified animals. TR is a ligand-activated transcription factor. In the presence of ligand, it activates transcription of target gene, whereas it represses the transcription without ligand. Thus, phenotype of TR-knockout mouse is different from that of hypothyroid animal (low thyroid hormone level), in which unliganded TR actively represses the transcription. On the other hand, human patient harboring mutant TR expresses different phenotypes depending on the function of mutated TR. To mimic this phenotype, other animal models are generated. In addition, recent human studies have shown that thyroid hormone transporters such as monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 may play an important role in thyroid hormone-mediated brain development. However, MCT8 knockout mouse show different phenotypes from a human patient. This article introduces representative animal models currently used to study various aspects of thyroid hormone, particularly to study the involvement of the thyroid hormone system on the development and functional maintenance of the cerebellum.
Cerebellum 2009 Jun
PMID:Animal models to study thyroid hormone action in cerebellum. 1913 Jan 64