Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0153470 (Spleen)
 4,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One-day-old chicks with no maternal antibodies to chicken anemia agent (CAA) were inoculated intramuscularly with CAA grown in MDCC-MSB1 cells. A control group of birds from the same source was inoculated intramuscularly with a lysate from uninfected MSB1 cells. Birds were killed at 8, 15, 22, 29, and 43 days postinoculation (PI), and the spleens were removed. Spleen cells were dispersed and stimulated with various concentrations of Concanavalin A (Con A), and lymphocyte transformation responses were determined. Supernatants from Con A-stimulated cultures were assayed for T-cell growth factor (TCGF) and interferon. Decreased lymphocyte transformation and TCGF production were demonstrated at 8 and 15 days PI. This was followed by a stimulation in activities before a return to control levels at 43 days PI. Interferon levels were elevated 8 days after infection. This was followed by a significant decrease in activity compared with controls at 15, 22, and 29 days PI, and a return to control levels by 43 days PI. The results suggest that CAA infection in young chickens can produce a dramatic decrease in immune competence, which, although transitory, is likely to seriously compromise the ability of birds to mount a successful immune response to invading pathogens.
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PMID:Effects of chicken anemia agent on lymphokine production and lymphocyte transformation in experimentally infected chickens. 172 73

Infection of animals with retroviruses frequently leads to immunosuppressed states. The immune status of chickens injected with the replication-defective avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV), with its naturally occurring subgroup B helper virus (avian erythroblastosis-associated virus; AEAV), was evaluated daily and compared to the immune status of age-matched uninfected control chickens. Spleen cells from AEV-infected chickens gave depressed responses to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen beginning 3 days after injection of the virus and continuing until death. Spleen cells from AEV-infected chickens suppressed the T-cell mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of spleen cells from uninfected chickens. The ability of spleen cells from infected chickens to suppress mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of spleen cells from normal chickens in coculture was transient beginning 4 days following viral inoculation, reaching peak levels of suppression on day 7 and disappearing by day 12. Cytolysis of splenic cells from AEV-infected chickens with polyclonal anti-T-cell-serum removed the suppressor activity. Addition of conditioned medium rich in T-cell growth factor resulted in a partial restoration of the blastogenic responsiveness of splenic cells from 6-day post-AEV-infected chickens. Addition of exogenous T-cell growth factor had no effect on the suppressed blastogenic responsiveness of spleen cells from 12-day post-AEV-infected chickens, and it had no effect on coculture suppression. In addition to suppressed T-cell responses to polyclonal mitogen-induced proliferation in vitro and transiently expressed T-suppressor cells, thymic atrophy and structural disruption was observed in AEV-infected chickens.
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PMID:Immune abnormalities in avian erythroblastosis virus-infected chickens. 214 45

Various lymphoid cells obtained from BALB/c and BALB/c nu/nu mice were cultured in vitro with recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL 2), and the characteristics of responder cells to rIL 2 were analyzed. Spleen cells, lymph node cells, and thymocytes except for bone marrow cells obtained from BALB/c mice remarkably proliferated in response to rIL 2. On the other hand, among lymphoid cells obtained from BALB/c nu/nu mice, only lymph node cells showed significant proliferation by rIL 2. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that mainly two types of lymphoid cells were proliferating in response to rIL 2 in BALB/c mice, i.e., Thy 1+, Lyt 1-, Lyt 2- and Thy 1+, Lyt 1-, Lyt 2+ cells. On the other hand, most of the proliferating cells were Thy 1+, Lyt 1-, Lyt 2- cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Treatment with various antibodies plus complement revealed that the majority of IL 2-responsive cells in BALB/c mice were Thy 1+, Lyt 1+, and Lyt 2+, although a minor part of them were Thy 1-, Lyt 1-, and Lyt 2-. On the other hand, a predominant type of the IL 2-responsive cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice were Thy 1-, Lyt 1-, and Lyt 2-, though some were Thy 1+. Nonspecific killer activity against tumor cells increased to variable extents in all of the lymphoid cells of both strains after culture with rIL 2. Our results indicate that mouse responder cells to rIL 2 have the following characteristics. First, the responder cells exist abundantly among spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus in normal mice, though their cell lineages are heterogeneous; one is of T cell lineage and the other of natural killer (NK) cell lineage. Second, nude mice are defective in the responder cells of T cell lineage but not of NK cell lineage. Moreover, the responder cells in nude mice predominantly accumulate in the lymph nodes but not other lymphoid organs.
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PMID:Characteristics of mouse lymphoid cells proliferating in vitro by recombinant human interleukin 2 (TGP-3): comparison between normal and nude mice. 253 Dec 67

In previous studies it was found that BALB/c (H-2d) was more susceptible than (BALB/c X A)F1 (H-2d X H-2a) to a tumor bearing multiple mismatched minor histocompatibility antigens, the DBA/2 (H-2d) mastocytoma P815, and that this resistance was H-2 linked. In the present studies the immunologic basis of this effect was examined by comparing the cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses of BALB/c with those of (BALB/c X A)F1. Despite the BALB/c X A)F1's 34-fold greater resistance to P815 in vivo, the numbers of effector cell precursors were found to be similar in the two hosts as shown by (a) similar anti-P815 CTL responses in vitro with T-cell growth factor, (b) similar secondary anti-DBA/2 MiHA responses after in vivo priming with irradiated P815, and (c) similar frequencies of anti-DBA/2 CTL precursors by limiting-dilution analysis. However, priming with proliferating P815 in vivo revealed a defect in the BALB/c animals: Spleen cells from such animals were unable to control the growth of contaminating P815 cells in vitro or to mount strong secondary CTL responses to DBA/2 antigens. The defective priming of BALB/c could be corrected when DBA/2 spleen cells were added to the P815 inoculum. This impaired priming by living tumor cells was not seen in (BALB/c X A)F1. It is concluded that the use of living P815 tumor cells revealed a defect in immunoregulation in BALB/c mice, which rendered them susceptible to tumor growth in spite of apparently adequate numbers of anti-minor-CTL precursors. How the additional H-2 products expressed in the (BALB/c X A)F1 might correct this defect is discussed.
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PMID:Differential resistance to growth of a tumor expressing incompatible minor alloantigens reflects regulatory influences rather than differences in anti-minor-CTL-P frequencies. 285 96

Spleen cells from rats which had been hyperimmunized with mouse lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, were fused with the mouse myeloma cell line, P3 X 63 Ag8.653. Antibodies secreted by 1500 cultures were selected by their blocking effect on LAK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the absence of complement. Two monoclonal antibodies (KBA4 and KBA6) greatly inhibited the cytotoxic activity of LAK cells, which were induced from mouse spleen cells by culture with recombinant human interleukin 2 (r-IL-2). These antibodies also blocked the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells, but activated macrophages (A-M phi) were only slightly sensitive to them. However, no effect of the antibodies on the cytotoxic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was detected. These data suggest that the specific antigen, lymphokine-activated cell-associated (LAA) antigen, defined by these monoclonal antibodies may be associated with the recognition mechanisms of broad-reactive killer (BRK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The observation that low levels of LAA antigen are distributed in all lymphoid cells and that it was significantly enhanced by treatment of the cells with r-IL-2 suggests that the antigen may be involved in lymphocyte-activation mechanisms. We also found that the LAA antigen consists of two distinct polypeptides with Mr of 180,000 and 95,000 Da, which are similar to that of LFA 1 antigen. However, the biological characteristics of LAA antigen did not coincide with those of LFA 1. Therefore, KBA MAb may recognize a carbohydrate epitope distinct from that of LFA 1.
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PMID:Lymphokine-activated cell-associated antigen involved in broad-reactive killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. 387 1

Spleen cells of BALB/c mice that had been inoculated with syngeneic plasmacytoma MOPC 104E were cultured for 11 days in T-cell growth factor (TCGF) and ultrasonicated tumor extract (USE). Cultured lymphocytes (MOPC-CL) possessed three-fold more lytic units than normal spleen cells cultured in TCGF without USE (N-CL). Moreover, the in vivo neutralization assay suggested that MOPC-CL were composed of at least two populations, one possessing tumor-specific and the other nonspecific antitumor activity. When 2 X 10(7) of MOPC-CL were administered IP to mice that had been inoculated IP with 10(5) MOPC 104E cells 5 days previously marginal prolongation of survival was observed. This effect was not augmented by the single injection of a larger number (5 X 10(7] of CL, but was augmented by the repeated daily administration for 4 days (from day 5 to day 8 after the inoculation) of the same total number (5 X 10(7] of CL. In addition, IP injection of the streptococcal preparation OK432 before the transfer of CL significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy, and resulted in a cure rate of 20%. The mechanism of this combined effect appears to involve the effect of OK432 on interleukin 2 (IL-2) regulation systems in vivo. Our culture system with TCGF and USE and our therapy system with OK432 and CL allow the clinical application of adoptive immunotherapy for the many types of solid cancers.
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PMID:Antitumor and therapeutic effects of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice cultured with T cell growth factor and soluble tumor extract. 633 53

Spleen cytotoxic T cells killing influenza virus-infected target cells are cross-reactive for the different type A influenza viruses, in contrast to the circulating antibodies, which show fine specificity for each A virus subtype variant. This finding has raised the question of whether a single T cell can recognize cells infected with all type A viruses. T-killer cell lines with specificity for alloantigens and the male Y antigen can be selected by means of growth factors present in the supernatant of T cells stimulated with concanavalin A (refs 3-7). We report here that we have been able to establish clones of mouse T cells killing target cells infected with influenza virus. Our cell line maintains the same specificity as the heterogeneous spleen cell population from infected mice, in as far as the T-killer cells are specific for A influenza virus, but do not discriminate between the different type A viruses. The cell line maintains H-2 restriction and does not kill cells infected with B influenza virus. The cells grow in the presence of T-cell growth factor and do not require antigen for growth although they maintain their receptors for type A virus. They can also be stimulated by irradiated T-helper cells from mice primed by type A influenza infection in the presence of type A virus-infected cells.
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PMID:Cross-reactivity for different type A influenza viruses of a cloned T-killer cell line. 696 71

The antitumor activity of recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL-2) in combination with 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (doxifluridine; 5'-DFUR) against marine colon carcinoma 26 (Colon 26) was studied. BALB/c mice were treated daily for 15 days with 5'-DFUR, rIL-2 or both, beginning on day 7 after subcutaneous transplantation of Colon 26. While mice treated with 5'-DFUR or rIL-2 alone died of tumor growth with pulmonary metastases within 9 weeks posttransplantation, the survival time was significantly prolonged in mice treated with both 5'-DFUR and rIL-2. Most of the combination-treated animals showed the regression of local tumors and the inhibition of pulmonary metastasis. Histopathologically, many tumor cells were degenerated and necrotized, with marked infiltration of mononuclear cells including large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) with periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasmic granules. The cells were positive for CD3 epsilon, asialo GM1 and NK1.1. Spleen cells from the combination-treated mice showed high activities of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity as well as growth inhibition of Colon 26 and Meth A fibrosarcoma in mice. The results suggest that the combination therapy of 5'-DFUR plus rIL-2 enhanced non-specific cytotoxicity of LGL/NK cells for Colon 26 in tumor-bearing mice and was effective in the inhibition of tumor growth.
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PMID:Antitumor effects of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in combination with recombinant human interleukin 2 on murine colon carcinoma 26. 914 Jan 16

Natural killer (NK) cells are thought to play an important role in the control of metastatic dissemination. Therefore, stimulation of cytotoxic activity of NK cells against neoplastic cells could be preventive for metastatic spread. Bomirski amelanotic (Ab) melanoma of Syrian hamster is a transplantable tumor metastasizing preferably to the kidneys. During growth of the melanoma a significant depression of cytotoxic activity of NK cells of tumor hosts is observed. Treatment of melanoma-bearing hamsters with indomethacin provided in drinking water resulted in the increase of NK cytotoxic activity of blood cells and in the lower occurrence of kidney metastasis. Spleen cells obtained from healthy and melanoma-bearing hamsters were cultured in vitro with agents influencing NK activity. We found an augmentative effect of human interleukin 2 (IL2) and human tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We also observed the synergistic effect of IL2/TNF combination, which was present in both groups of animals. The stimulatory effects of cytokines could be potentiated by the additional supplementation of cultures with indomethacin. Similar experiments were performed on spleen cells isolated from the healthy and tumor-bearing animals treated in vivo with indomethacin. Also, in this group of hamsters in vitro stimulation of NK cell activity by the cytokines was effective. The studies presented may give insight into the pathogenesis of immune abnormalities seen in advanced stages of progression of Ab melanoma, and can provide an experimental basis for immunomodulation in this tumor model of spontaneous metastasis.
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PMID:Indomethacin inhibits kidney metastasis in bomirski melanoma-bearing hamsters, and modulates natural killer cytotoxic activity of tumor hosts in vivo and in vitro. 985 38