Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0153470 (Spleen)
 4,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of low dietary zinc on the survival of an intestinal nematode (Heligmosomoides polygyrus) was investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1 (primary infection), outbred CD1 mice were infected once only with 100 H. polygyrus larvae. In Experiment 2 (challenge infection), mice were given a primary infection that was terminated after 9 d using an anthelmintic drug; the mice were reinfected 5 d later. This protocol stimulates host immunity to the second parasitic infection. Three dietary treatments (control, 60 mg Zn/kg diet; zinc-restricted, 5 mg Zn/kg diet; and energy-restricted, 60 mg Zn/kg diet) were used for both experiments. Both infected and uninfected mice were included within each dietary treatment to control for the effect of parasitic infection on host nutritional status. Plasma zinc concentrations were significantly lower in mice fed the zinc-restricted diet, compared with mice fed the control or energy-restricted diets in both experiments; there were no significant differences in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity or tissue zinc concentration. The significant reduction in plasma zinc had no significant effect on worm burden or egg production of H. polygyrus in either experiment, indicating that the 30-40% reduction in plasma zinc was not sufficient to modify parasite numbers. However, the parasite did affect host nutritional status. Spleen weight was significantly higher in infected mice in both experiments. Following the challenge infection, both liver and spleen copper concentrations were significantly higher, and spleen iron concentration significantly lower, in the infected compared with the noninfected mice.
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PMID:Marginal zinc deficiency has no effect on primary or challenge infections in mice with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda). 154 14

Cu, Fe, Zn, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb distribution was followed in the organisms of seven lambing ewes after these animals had been on a diet with industrial contaminants generated by the copper and zinc works. The amount of ingested contaminants per lambing ewe was 31.99 g a day pursuant to the starting liveweight. Per-head daily intake of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb in mg: 402.02; 95.97; 6158.07; 1.436; 2.975; 15.38; 0.597; 22.14. The first ewe with symptoms of zinc intoxication died on day 42 and the last on day 58. The highest Zn concentrations were recorded in the dry matter of dead ewe liver (1167.3 +/- 314.1 mg per kg). An amount of 1048 +/- 283.7 mg Zn per kg was cumulated in the kidneys in the process of contaminant administration. High Zn contents were also observed in the uterus and spleen. The highest amounts of Cu were cumulated in liver (445.6 238.1 mg per kg). Spleen was an organ with the highest concentrations of Fe, the ovaries cumulated the highest amounts of Mo and bony tissue and ovaries the highest amounts of Se. An exposure of the organisms to As, Cd and Pb in ewes intoxicated with zinc from a source of industrial pollutants, was reflected in their high contents in the ovaries, kidneys, liver and bony tissue. These results demonstrate that in sheep the liver, kidneys, uterus, spleen and ovaries are the most suitable organs if it is to prove zinc intoxication caused by pollutants from the copper and zinc works. Liver, kidneys, ovaries, uterus, spleen, skeletal muscles and bony tissue seem to be suitable for an evaluation of Cu, Fe, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb distribution in the organisms of ewes which died from zinc intoxication caused by pollutants from the above-mentioned source.
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PMID:[Distribution of harmful metals in sheep after experimental administration of industrial emissions]. 180 33

Weanling albino male mice rapidly develop biochemical signs of copper deficiency when fed a purified diet containing 0.5 mg Cu/kg. Plasma ceruloplasmin activity of copper-deficient (-Cu) mice was 5% of that of copper-adequate (+Cu) control mice after only 3 d on the diet. More gradual loss of organ (liver, spleen, and thymus) cytochrome c oxidase activity was observed during the next 4 wk. Body weight was equivalent between +Cu and -Cu mice, but thymus weight dropped faster in -Cu mice than +Cu mice. The number of antibody producing cells to sheep erythrocytes was lower in -Cu mice compared to +Cu mice after 17 d on the diet. Spleen cytochrome oxidase activity of -Cu mice was 50% of that of +Cu mice by 10 d on the diet. Mitogenic response of splenic and thymic lymphocytes to concanavalin A (con A) was not greatly different between +Cu and -Cu mice. Splenocytes from -Cu mice had a 3-fold higher thymidine incorporation rate in the absence of mitogen compared to +Cu mice. The depressed antibody and high mitogenic background responses of -Cu mice were similar to previous work with another strain (C58) of mice that had been started on copper-deficient treatment from birth. However, the normal proliferative response to con A stimulation in postweaning copper deficiency differs from the previous model. Mice of both studies were very copper-deficient as judged by liver copper levels. Timing of the copper-deficient treatment influences the manner in which copper deficiency alters the immune response.
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PMID:Biochemical and immunological changes in mice following postweaning copper deficiency. 248 23

Copper(II)(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)2 (Cu-DIPS), administered subcutaneously to mice at 80 mg/kg body weight, had marked radioprotective activity. Given 3 h before exposure to 8.0 Gy (800 rad) irradiation, Cu-DIPS increased the 42-day survival from 40% to 86%. Seven days after exposure to 8.0 Gy, there were severe reductions in spleen weight (73%) and cellularity (98%) in both Cu-DIPS- and vehicle-treated mice. Viable spleen cells collected 7 days after irradiation were totally unresponsive to mitogenic or antigenic stimulation regardless of Cu-DIPS or vehicle treatment, suggesting that Cu-DIPS did not prevent radiation-induced damage to mature lymphocytes. At 14 days, when Cu-DIPS-treated mice started to show improved survival over vehicle-treated mice, spleen weights and cellularity were 2.5- and 3.5-fold higher, respectively, in Cu-DIPS-treated mice. Treatment with Cu-DIPS not only enhanced splenic repopulation, but also accelerated the reappearance of both B and T cell reactivities. Spleen cell responsiveness to the B cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the T cell mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A), regenerated significantly faster in Cu-DIPS-treated mice. Cu-DIPS also significantly accelerated the regeneration of T-dependent antibody induction. Based on these assays of immunocompetence, Cu-DIPS-treated mice had, on average, a seven-fold greater capacity to respond to immune stimulation than vehicle-treated mice 24 days after irradiation.
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PMID:Copper(II)(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)2 accelerates recovery of B and T cell reactivity following irradiation. 350 May 2

Copper, iron and zinc concentrations were measured in tissues of young (2 mo), mature (14 mo) and aged (26 mo) male Fischer rats fed either a normal protein (16% casein) or high protein (32% casein) diet for 30 d. Spleen copper concentrations decreased with maturity but were not affected by dietary protein level. Age, dietary protein and age X protein interaction affected spleen iron concentrations. Splenic iron was increased significantly only in mature and aged rats fed the normal protein diet. High protein-fed aged rats had decreased splenic zinc. High protein feeding increased renal zinc in the young and aged rats compared to normal protein feeding. At both protein levels, liver iron increased in the mature rats. Upon aging, zinc levels in the heart increased in the normal protein group and decreased in the high protein group. A significant interaction between age and protein was observed on heart zinc. Thus, the concentrations of tissue trace minerals are affected by age, dietary protein and protein X age interaction in young, mature and aged male rats.
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PMID:Effects of dietary protein concentration on trace minerals in rat tissues at different ages. 399 63

Developmental changes in tissue concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc were determined from birth to day 60 in the hybrid mouse. Liver, iron, and copper concentrations decreased by 80% during the first 2 weeks of life. After 4 weeks more, liver iron concentrtion increased to levels similar to those found at birth, while copper concentrations remained low. Liver zinc concentrations did not change during the experimental period. Brain iron, copper, and zinc concentrations increased during the postnatal period. The increases in iron and zinc concentrations were gradual, with 35% overall increases. Copper concentration increased by 350%, primarily between day 7 and day 22. Kidney iron concentration was constant until day 26, but between day 26 and 60 it increased by 100%. Kidney copper concentration increased from birth to day 28 by about 40%, and then remained constant. Kidney zinc concentratin did not change with age. Spleen iron concentration did not change until day 40, then increased by about 200% to day 50. Spleen copper and spleen zinc concentrations did not change with age. These observations identify several time periods in which concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc are changing rapidly in tissues of the young mouse. The identification of these patterns allows the investigator to choose optimum time periods for the study of mineral metabolism during the postnatal period.
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PMID:Developmental changes in concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc in mouse tissues. 743 4

Repeated administration of carbon tetrachloride (CC1(4)) to the experimental animals not only produces liver cirrhosis but also pathological changes in different organs. The alteration of trace elements in the plasma and in the liver has been documented. Very limited studies were carried out regarding the alteration of trace elements in different organs in experimental animals subjected to CC1(4) toxicity and the influence of scavengers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and allopurinol as preventative measurements. Four groups of animals were studied: CC1(4) and allopurinol (group 1), CC1(4) and SOD (group 2), CC1(4) alone (group 3) and olive oil (group 4). Analysis of tissue concentrations of trace elements in different organ's tissues (e.g. lung, spleen and kidneys) were performed. Histopathological assessments were studied in all groups after 7 weeks of repeated administration of the solutions. Copper contents in the spleen and lungs were significantly high in group 2, while kidney copper contents were significantly high in all experimental groups. Selenium contents in the kidneys and lungs were significantly low in group 1, while it was significantly high in group 2 in all organs. Manganese contents in kidneys was significantly low in group 1 and significantly increased in group 2 in the case of spleen and lung. Lung zinc content was significantly increased in group 2. Spleen zinc decreased significantly only in group 3. Histopathological assessment indicated evidence of interstitial pneumonia in the group treated with allopurinol. The low levels of selenium predisposes to the development of interstitial pneumonia.
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PMID:Alterations of trace elements in kidney, spleen and lungs in treated and untreated experimental liver cirrhosis. 761 71

In order to investigate the relationship between spleen and muscle, the changes of trace elements, enzyme activity, adenine nucleotides and energy charge (EC) in the skeletal muscle of rats with Syndrome of Spleen Qi Deficiency (SQD) were studied, the curative effects of Sijunzi Tang (SJZT) for SQD were observed too. Results showed that in comparing with normal rats, the levels of ATP and EC lowered significantly (ATP P < 0.01, EC P < 0.001), the enzyme activity of the anaerobic glycolysis increased significantly (P < 0.05), the zinc and iron concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) while the copper, potassium and sodium concentrations were lower than normal significantly (P < 0.05). These changes could be corrected after treatment with SJZT for strengthening spleen and tonifying qi. Above-mentioned results suggested that the mechanism of spleen qi deficiency is closely related to the abnormal energy metabolism, and the TCM theory of spleen dominating muscles might have its scientific basis.
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PMID:[Changes in some elements, enzymes and energy charge in skeletal muscle of rats with spleen qi deficiency]. 813 49

The macular mutant mouse is a murine model of the Menkes' kinky hair disease, characterized by a copper deficiency in serum. The immune response of its hemizygote (ml/y) was examined, herein. Ml/y mice which were not treated with Cu were atrophy of lymphoid tissues on day 14. However, kidney, brain, heart and lung weights were higher in ml/y mice without Cu treatment than in normal (+/y) mice. When compared to cells from +/y mice, spleen cells from ml/y mice exhibited similar proliferation-curves stimulated by Con A or LPS. Lymph node cells from ml/y mice showed a significantly decreased mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) response when stimulated by spleen cells from Balb/c mice. Spleen cells from ml/y mice demonstrated similar stimulation against lymph node cells from Balb/c mice. Antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vivo, a T cell dependent response, was suppressed in ml/y mice. By contrast, the antibody production against dinitrophenyl-ficoll, a T cell independent response was similar in +/y and ml/y. The antibody production against SRBC in vitro was also suppressed in ml/y mice. However, when the T cell-enriched fraction of ml/y mouse spleen cells was replaced by the T cell-enriched fraction of +/y mouse spleen cells, the antibody production against SRBC was recovered. The percentage of Ly-5-positive cells (B cell) from ml/y mice was greater than those from +/y mice. The percentage of Thy-1.2-positive cells (T cell) was decreased, and the decrease was most prominent with the L3/T4-positive T cell (helper T cell) subset.
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PMID:The decreased immune responses in macular mouse, a model of Menkes' kinky hair disease. 843 33

Soil, water, and amphibian tissues collected between 1995 and 1999 from 15 study sites in Bermuda were analysed for pesticides and heavy metals. The most abundant pesticide residue in soil was p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) which was found at all sites in concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 4.023 p.p.m. No pesticide residues were found in water. DDE was also recovered from the livers and fat bodies of marine toads (Bufo marinus) and whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei). Analyses of food sources consumed by these anuran species revealed residue levels of p, p'-DDE ranging from 0.05 to 0.217 p.p.m. Other soil residues included dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) at eight study sites, Dicofol(kelthane) at eight sites, dieldrin at five sites, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as Arochlor 1254 and Arochlor 1260 at seven sites. Analyses of toad livers revealed significant concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc. Livers of Bermuda toads exhibited altered hepatocytic morphology and an increased number of melanomacrophages and possible granulomas, while spleens showed a marked decrease in white pulp. Spleen cells from Bufo marinus collected at one site having high levels of cadmium exhibited a decreased B cell response to lipopolysaccharide. The incidence of trematode infection in Bufo marinus increased from 53.8% in 1995 to 90% in 1999. Deformity rates in the limbs of subadult and adult toads ranged between 15 and 25%. Examination of 1,995 newly-metamorphosed toads revealed deformity rates as high as 47%. The current comprehensive study suggests that environmental pollutants may account for immunosuppression, increased susceptibility to infections, limb malformations and possible decline in amphibian populations from Bermuda.
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PMID:Role of environmental pollutants on immune functions, parasitic infections and limb malformations in marine toads and whistling frogs from Bermuda. 1274 35


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