Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0153470 (Spleen)
 4,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Spleen cells of mice primed by injection of normal or formaldehyde-treated allogeneic or xenogeneic tumor cells show a dramatically enhanced capacity to generate cytotoxic cells in vitro. This effect appears to be due to priming of a relatively anti-Thy-1 resistant T cell, which does not display immunologic specificity.
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PMID:Stimulator T cells: involvement in the induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. 80 19

Spleen cells from mice hyperimmunized with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin-tetrodotoxin-formaldehyde conjugate were fused with murine P3X63Ag8.653 myeloma cells. A single hybridoma clone was identified that secretes an IgG1,k monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated T20G10, against tetrodotoxin (TTX), with an estimated affinity of 1.2 x 10(8) L/M. Competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassays (CIEIAs) for detecting TTX were developed using this MAb. A direct CIEIA using alkaline phosphatase-labeled MAb detected TTX with sensitivities at IC50 and IC20 of 6-7 ng/ml and 2-3 ng/ml, respectively. The accuracy of the direct CIEIA was comparable with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the mouse bioassay systems, but the direct CIEIA exhibited greater sensitivity. The direct CIEIA was also more cost effective, as it required less sample preparation, a shorter assay time, and reduced investment in equipment than either of the other assay systems.
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PMID:A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for detecting tetrodotoxin in biological samples. 140 32

Formaldehyde is the most commonly used fixative in pathology laboratories. However, due to time pressures, this fixative is often not optimally exploited. The majority of biopsies are only partly fixed when histoprocessing is started, with adverse effects. This paper reports how formaldehyde fixation is improved, by using 1.5 min of microwave irradiation of tissue previously soaked for four hours in the fixation solution. It is argued that this beneficial effect of microwave irradiation can be attributed to the acceleration of the reaction of formaldehyde to the tissue. Formation of free formaldehyde, by the dehydration of methylene glycol present in the tissue when the irradiation starts, is also enhanced. Five different formaldehyde-containing fixatives were evaluated, using five different working protocols. Spleen was taken as a suitable tissue for these tests. The technique described leads to uniform microscopical results. It is a simple method and is suitable for use in routine laboratories.
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PMID:Formaldehyde fixation and microwave irradiation. 246 64

BALB/c mice injected intradermally with 10(5) or higher doses of formaldehyde-fixed promastigotes (FFP) of Leishmania major developed strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to leishmanial antigens injected into the hind footpad 3 to 10 days later. The DTH peaked 15 to 18 h after footpad injection and disappeared by 48 h. This specific DTH correlated with the homing of 51Cr-labeled syngeneic bone marrow cells and the infiltration of proliferating cells to the site of antigen administration. Spleen cells from FFP-sensitized mice also gave significant proliferative response to FFP in vitro. The DTH was adoptively transferable by Lyt-1+2-L3T4+ T cells and was H-2 restricted. DTH could be substantially enhanced by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide or pertussigen. Such DTH enhancement was accompanied by concomitant exacerbation of disease progression after L. major infection. Mice injected intravenously with FFP developed substantial immunity to cutaneous leishmaniasis but specifically suppressed DTH reactivity. Treatment of mice with pertussigen before intravenous immunization, however, abolished the protection and reversed the suppression of DTH. These results therefore demonstrate that the early-appearing type of DTH is not involved in host protection but that it actually facilitates disease progression in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Further evidence, which also shows the nonspecific nature of this disease exacerbation, is provided by local cell transfer experiments. Splenic T cells from mice sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or FFP induced significantly larger lesions compared with normal T cells when they were transferred into the footpad together with specific antigen and L. major promastigotes.
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PMID:Induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to Leishmania major and the concomitant acceleration of disease development in progressive murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. 381 88

Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) was administered to (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 mice in eight daily doses of 200 rad (total 1600 rad). Spleen cells isolated from mice after treatment with TLI do not respond to alloantigens in vitro in a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), but normal reactivity recovers after approximately 2 mo. Radioresistant, antigen-nonspecific suppressor cells are documented in the spleens of TLI-treated mice immediately after radiotherapy, but suppressive capacity gradually disappears within 30 days. After TLI, the spleen is repopulated with large cells, the proportion of which is greatest at a time when theta-bearing cells are still depleted. Radioresistant suppression is mediated predominantly by the large cell subset and is thymus independent. Suppressor function can be abolished by lethal physicochemical procedures including formaldehyde fixation, multiple freeze-thawing, and heating to 56 degrees C, and it cannot be conferred by supernatants of TLI-suppressed MLR suspensions. Suppression cannot be overcome by adding various cell factors including T cell growth factor (TCGF) and lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF), nor is it affected by a prostaglandin inhibitor. Equally potent radioresistant suppressive activity is documented by co-culturing cells derived from other sources enriched in large, immature hematopoietic cells, including fetal liver cells and bone marrow cells obtained from normal and congenitally athymic mice. The presence of a large cell population and MLR suppressor function is also documented in the spleens of mice treated with single dose or fractionated doses of lethal whole body irradiation, followed by reconstitution with bone marrow cells obtained from normal mice. The data suggest that MLR suppressor cells, which are large, immature and predominantly radioresistant, can be induced after a short and well-tolerated TLI regimen.
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PMID:Suppression of cell-mediated immune responses after total lymphoid irradiation (TLI). I. Characterization of suppressor cells of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. 614 Feb 88

Thrombosis and inflammatory complications are concomitant to the post-surgery period of splenectomy due to the traumatic damage to the spleen. Therefore morphological analysis of the spleen residue after the partial spleen resection is of particular theoretical and practical interest. Total of 36 white rats, male, body mass 130-150 g., underwent partial resection of the spleen under the ether narcosis. Rats were withdrawn from the experiment on the first, 7-th, 15-th, 30-th, 90-th and 180-th day after the surgery. Spleen tissue samples were fixed in the 10% formaldehyde solution and stained with the use of routine methods. Homory method was used to reveal the argyrofilous fibers and ink injection was used to reveal blood vessels respectively. Spleen parameters were calculated morphometrically. Microsoft Excel program was used for statistical analysis of the data obtained. Partial disorder of blood microcirculation in the spleen after partial splenectomy was registered and in same time relative increase in the mass of the spleen and lymphatic follicles was shown concomitant to these disorders. The presence of the clusters of macrophages and lymphocytes capable of phagocytosis, as well as haemociderosis is considered as morphological criterion of the immune reaction. We can suppose that remainder spleen cells can induce immune response as regards autoantigens as response to the operational trauma and directed to restore the homeostasis.
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PMID:[Morphological criterion in the spleen organ-preserving experimental surgery]. 2168 30