Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0153470 (Spleen)
 4,015 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some analytical aspects of prostaglandin research are discussed. We present our latest results of the determination of the various products of arachidonate oxygenation in biological fluids and during platelet aggregation. These products were determined by (GLC) in combination with electron-capture detection or mass spectrometry (multiple-ion detection). The major component released from isolated perfused heart and lung was prostacyclin, determined as its hydrolysis product 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. Spleen released much thromboxane and monohydroxy acids. Normal rat platelets formed also much hydroxy acids during aggregation but at essential fatty acid deficiency, only very small amounts of product were detected.
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PMID:Determination of prostaglandins and other products of arachidonate oxygenation in perfusates and during platelet aggregation. 74 84

The relationships between metabolic alterations and tissue-specific gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), and interleukin 1 and serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 before and after a live Escherichia coli septic challenge to rats were examined. From 0 to 2 h, serum glucose significantly decreased while plasma glucagon increased. By 8 h, plasma glucagon, serum insulin, and glucose appearance were significantly elevated. Gene expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase increased 1 h after E. coli but by 4 h was significantly decreased. TNF-alpha mRNA (liver and spleen) and serum peptide levels peaked 1-2 h after the septic challenge and then decreased substantially by 6-8 h. Spleen IL-6 and gamma-IFN mRNA expression reached a maximum 4 h after E. coli challenge, whereas serum IL-6 levels were elevated by 2 h after injection of the bacteria. The increase in TNF-alpha mRNA and serum peptide levels correlated with the early fall in serum glucose and rise in plasma glucagon. Alterations in the rate of glucose appearance and plasma glucagon were observed later and coincided with the increased mRNA expression of IL-6 and gamma-IFN. Thus the metabolic alterations observed in the septic rat are associated with a complex cascade of several cytokines.
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PMID:Sepsis-induced cascade of cytokine mRNA expression: correlation with metabolic changes. 159 Mar 83

In an effort to increase the long-term production of hematopoietic cells in vitro, Origen hybridoma cloning factor (HCF) was added at the initiation of Dexter type cultures, in which whole bone marrow (BM) was seeded into tissue culture flasks and formed an adherent stromal layer that supported the proliferation and differentiation of primitive cells. After about six weeks, all the cultures were fully established, and continuous production of nonadherent cells was maintained for at least 27 weeks. In the groups with 20% HCF, there was a significant (three- to fourfold) increase in the steady-state cell production of 106 +/- 17 x 10(4) cells/ml compared to 26 +/- 10 x 10(4) in controls. In some cases the ability of HCF to increase productivity was limited by the nutrients and metabolic products in the culture medium. Cell number varied inversely with glucose and pH. HCF increased the concentration and absolute number of myeloid progenitors (granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units and spleen colony forming units) in the nonadherent layer and shifted the differentiation of granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units toward the production of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Spleen colonies produced from 10(5) cells from cultures with HCF were more numerous (8 +/- 2 versus 4 +/- 2) and larger than those from control cultures (2.6 versus 0.2 mg/colony), but they contained the usual cell lineages (erythrocytic, granulocytic and megakaryocytic).
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PMID:Enhancement of cell production in long-term bone marrow culture. 161 66

To evaluate the effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on non-reproductive systems, we administered [D-Leu6,Des-gly10]-GnRH ethylamide (leuprolide; 5 micrograms/day) for 21 days to female Sprague-Dawley rats. In Experiment 1, continuous infusion (Alzet minipumps sc) was compared to injection. Increased thymus and body weights and decreased estradiol and uterine weights were noted for both administration methods. Spleen weight increased only in rats treated by continuous infusion. Ovary, kidney and liver weights did not change. Only leuprolide-injected rats had elevated LH with decreased corticosterone and ACTH levels, possibly related to the injection process. Glucose, insulin, progesterone, FSH and corticosterone/ACTH were not different. In Experiment 2, intact and ovariectomized rats were implanted with minipumps delivering leuprolide or 0.9% NaCl. Body and thymus weights increased, whereas uterine weight and estradiol declined in both leuprolide-treated and ovariectomized rats. No synergism between leuprolide and ovariectomy was noted. Thymosin alpha 1, but not thymosin beta 4, increased in leuprolide-treated ovariectomized rats. Peripheral white blood cell count was elevated in leuprolide-treated intact rats and ovariectomized rats. In bone marrow, non-nucleated cell count declined in leuprolide-treated intact rats, contributing to the decreased total cell count in this group. Nucleated cell count was unaffected. Therefore, thymus weight gain was accompanied only in some cases by functional changes. Our results demonstrate that leuprolide affects non-reproductive systems, in a similar manner to ovariectomy. We suggest that such alterations may be due to the hypoestrogenic environment produced by leuprolide.
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PMID:The gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide affects the thymus and other non-reproductive systems of female rats. 166 99

The treatment of 488 cases with anorexy in children showed that the curative effect of the group using Chinese medicines based on the differentiation of symptoms and signs by (1) activating the Spleen, (2) invigorating and activating the spleen was significantly higher than the control using concentrated vitamin B complex (P less than 0.001). The results of the experimental study were as follows: Erbao instant granules (the medicine for activating the Spleen) had the effect of raising the D-xylose excretion rate of urine; increasing the ratio of T-lymph cells in blood; raising the quality of 8 mineral elements in hair and the quality of SIgA in saliva; adjusting the abnormal peristalsis of the experimental rabbits and promoting the ability that duodenums which had been separated from rabbits had to absorb different amino acids and glucose. Jian'er syrup (the medicine for invigorating and activating the Spleen) had the effect of raising the quality of 14 mineral elements in hair; increasing the ratio of T-lymph cells in blood; increasing the index of thymus and spleen in the experimental rats and stimulating them to produce hemolysin. The authors tend to think that the therapeutic principle of activating the Spleen can improve appetite, help the body to absorb and utilize various nutrients which contain many kinds of essential trace elements.
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PMID:[Clinical and experimental study on treatment of anorexy in children with the activating spleen prescription]. 206 54

We previously reported that streptococcal preparation (OK-432), which is a TNF inducer, inhibits insulitis and development of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and Bio-Breeding (BB) rats, as animal models of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We have recently shown that recombinant human (h)TNF-alpha also suppresses development of diabetes in NOD mice. In this study we have extended our observation on TNF to BB rats in order to see whether TNF generally inhibits autoimmune diabetes. A total of 5 x 10(4) U of rhTNF-alpha was administered i.p., twice a week to male and female BB rats from 4 to 27 wk of age. The cumulative incidence of diabetes by 27 wk of age in nontreated rats was 36.4% (8/22), whereas that in hTNF-alpha-treated rats was 0% (0/21) (p less than 0.001). The hTNF-alpha-treated rats did not lose body weight and maintained normal blood glucose concentrations. Immunologic and histologic examinations were performed at the end of the experiment. Spleen cell cytotoxicities for NK-sensitive YAC-1 and rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells in hTNF-alpha-treated rats significantly decreased in comparison with nontreated and nondiabetic BB rats. Intensity of insulitis was also inhibited in hTNF-alpha-treated rats. Interestingly, a huge hepatomegaly and splenomegaly was found in two of the 21 hTNF-alpha-treated rats. The latter consisted of W3/13dull+ and W3/25dull+ cells, which did not exhibit cytotoxicity for either YAC-1 or RINm5F cells. These results indicate that the chronic and systemic administration of TNF has a regulatory role in autoimmune diabetes in BB rats as well as in NOD mice, and that these animals may have a defect in TNF-mediated immunoregulation.
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PMID:Inhibition of type 1 diabetes in BB rats with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 238 63

Arecoline, a suspected carcinogenic/cocarcinogenic alkaloid was screened to explore in detail its immunomodulatory influence in murine model system. The oral LD50 value for male mice was 371 mg/kg bw whereas it was 309 mg/kg bw for female mice. The subcutaneous LD50 value for both sexes was 97 mg/kg bw. Only a marginal difference was observed in intraperitoneal LD50 values between male (120 mg/kg bw) and female (109 mg/kg bw) mice. Arecoline was administered subcutaneously to male mice at subtoxic dose levels (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg bw) for 1, 2 and 3 weeks on a daily basis. In groups where significant decreases in body weight were present (at 20 mg/kg bw for both sexes), reductions in thymus weight were also noted. Spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, and kidney showed moderate reductions in their weights. Histopathological effects at 20 mg/kg bw included lymphocyte depletion of the thymic cortex, and the B and T lymphocyte areas in spleen and MLN. In concordance with the zona fasciculata hypertrophy of adrenals, corticosterone concentration in serum increased depending on the dose with a significant elevation at 20 mg/kg bw. While total protein, albumin, glucose, acid phosphatase and hemoglobin concentrations were not altered, increases in SGOT and SGPT levels were observed at the high dose. The white and red blood cell counts decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Marked reduction in cell number of thymus, and moderate effect on cellularity of spleen and MLN, were observed at 20 mg/kg bw. In vitro exposure of rat thymocytes to arecoline resulted in a biphasic oxygen consumption response with progressive increase in oxygen consumption, reaching a maximum value at 10(-5) M and decreasing sharply at 10(-3) M. Exogenously added substrates such as glucose, pyruvic acid and lactic acid retarded the fall in the oxygen consumption induced at 10(-3) M arecoline. These observations demonstrate the effects of arecoline on lymphoid organs, which may be due to its direct action or through the elevation of corticosterone.
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PMID:Influence of arecoline on immune system: I. Short term effects on general parameters and on the adrenal and lymphoid organs. 262 22

A recombinant plasmid encoding for rat preproinsulin I was encapsulated in large liposomes and injected intravenously into rats. Glycemia and blood, splenic and hepatic insulin were assayed from 6 h after inoculation. Control animals received (1) empty liposomes, (2) liposomes carrying the E. coli pBR322 plasmid, (3) the free rat insulin I gene, or (4) no injection. All controls showed unchanged glucose and insulin levels. Six hours after inoculation, the treated rats had 72 +/- 6 mg glucose per 100 ml of blood, compared with 107 +/- 2 mg for controls. Radioimmunoassay of blood insulin gave 61 +/- 8 microU/ml (43 +/- 5 microU/Ml for controls). Spleen and liver values were 242 +/- 20 and 205 +/- 22 microU/g of tissue, respectively (112 +/- 20 and 87 +/- 15 microU/g in controls). The kinetics and extent of uptake of liposomes by spleen and liver were studied by external gamma-camera imaging after injection of 111In-labeled liposomes. The results paralleled insulin synthesis in the two organs. The insulin gene was localized in liver cells after the injection of liposomes containing the plasmid encoding insulin. Livers were processed 4 h after inoculation for isolation of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and endothelial cells. DNA was purified and exogenous DNA detected by Southern blotting. Kupffer cells were the primary targets for gene incorporation with liposomes consisting of phospholipids and cholesterol. Targeting of liposomes to other liver cells was attempted by including lactosylceramide in the liposomes. This increased the amount of exogenous gene in hepatocytes and particularly in endothelial cells. Detailed electron microscopy and biochemical studies were performed in order to follow the liposome-encapsulated DNA from the moment of i.v. injection to its entering the nucleus of different liver cells. Interactions of liposomes taken up in vivo by the liver cells with subcellular organelles were studied as well. The mechanism of DNA transport by liposomes in vivo and its potential are discussed.
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PMID:Liposomes as carriers of DNA. 269 45

The non-specific activation of the immune system by administration of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was examined in two congenic Lewis rat strains LEW. 1A (RT1a) and LEW. 1W (RT1u) as a possible mean of amplification of the specific immune response, directed to pancreatic beta cells induced by multiple non-diabetogenic injections of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats were given intraperitoneally 0.5 ml CFA and 1 day later 25 mg/kg body weight STZ. This combined treatment was repeated twice at weekly intervals. Control groups received vehicle, STZ or CFA only with the same doses and at the same times. Only CFA/STZ-treated rats developed a persisting hyperglycaemia (greater than 15 mmol/l glucose) namely 3/18 (17%) LEW. 1W and 47/76 (62%) LEW. 1A rats. The pancreatic insulin content in these hyperglycaemic rats was reduced by 96.6% in LEW. 1A rats and by 93% in LEW. 1W rats measured 8 weeks after the last CFA/STZ treatment. The response to CFA indicated by an increase of number of peripheral leucocytes and relative spleen weight gain at 7 days after CFA administration, was higher in LEW. 1A rats compared with those of LEW. 1W rats. Spleen cells harvested 72 h/48 h after the first and second CFA/STZ administration showed a cytotoxic reaction to isolated syngeneic islets as measured by 51Cr-release in vitro. Control rats receiving vehicle, STZ or CFA only showed no cellular anti-islet cytotoxicity. The anti-islet cytotoxicity of spleen cells was only transient and disappeared after the third CFA/STZ administration. Anti-islet cytotoxic antibodies were not detectable in this short-term study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Genetic control of diabetes induction by complete Freund's adjuvant combined with subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin in Lewis rats--evidence for transient cytotoxicity against beta cells. 295 92

Two experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to study the effects of posthatch holding time in the incubator on physiological and disease parameters. In each experiment, half of the chicks were removed shortly after hatching and half of the chicks were allowed to remain in the hatcher for an additional 30 hr. Bursa weights, hematocrits, total plasma protein, and blood glucose concentrations were measured at various times up to 35 and 28 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, chicks hatched from eggs with one of two specific gravities (less than or equal to 1.065 and greater than or equal to 1.075) were tested in the second experiment. Spleen weights, heterophil:lymphocyte ratios and the influence of an aerosol Newcastle disease-Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine challenge were also measured in the second experiment. In Experiment 1, when chicks were held in the hatcher for an additional 30 hr, bursa weights were reduced through 8 days of age; however, they were significantly heavier by 21 days of age. In Experiment 2, both bursa and spleen weights were significantly reduced through 14 days of age when chicks were held in the incubator. Total plasma protein and glucose concentrations, hematocrits, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios were all significantly higher for chicks held in the incubator. Chicks held in the incubator and then exposed to an aerosol vaccine challenge at 1 day of age had a significantly greater percentage of air sac lesions and the lesions were more severe at 28 days of age. Egg specific gravity had no influence on any of the parameters measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of hatcher holding times on several physiological parameters associated with the immune system of chickens. 382 96


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