Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0152447 (urethral discharge)
 296 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although sexually active female adolescents are often routinely screened for sexually transmitted diseases, indications for culturing adolescent males for sexually transmitted urethral infections are controversial. A study of 54 sexually active males (14 to 22 years old) was undertaken to assess the reliability of using dipstick leukocyte esterase activity in first-catch urine specimens to detect urethritis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Eighteen males had sexually transmitted diseases: N gonorrhoeae (nine patients), C trachomatis (eight patients), and N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis (one patient). First-catch urine specimens with a 1+ (mild) or 2+ (moderate) reaction on dipstick testing had a leukocyte (WBC) count of 10 WBCs per high-power field or greater on microscopic analysis, with an 83% sensitivity, 100% specificity, a 100% positive predictive value, and a 92% negative predictive value for the presence of N gonorrhoeae, C trachomatis, or both. Clinical criteria for screening (urethral discharge, dysuria, or exposure to a sexually transmitted infection) plus a dipstick-positive first-catch urine specimen had a 94% sensitivity, 89% specificity, an 81% positive predictive value, and a 97% negative predictive value.
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PMID:Dipstick leukocyte esterase activity in first-catch urine specimens. A useful screening test for detecting sexually transmitted disease in the adolescent male. 365 4

Transport workers (n = 504) in Mombasa, Kenya, were screened for urethral infection by history, clinical examination, and laboratory testing of urethral swabs and first-catch urine specimens. The prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 3.4%, Chlamydia trachomatis, 3.6%, and Trichomonas vaginalis, 6.0%; more than two-thirds of infections were asymptomatic. A complaint of urethral discharge, dysuria, or both was twice as sensitive as the sign of discharge on physical examination (34.5% vs. 15.5%) in identifying infection. A positive leukocyte esterase dipstick (LED) test on urine predicted infection with a sensitivity of 95.0% and a specificity of 59.3% in symptomatic men and with a sensitivity of 55.3% and a specificity of 82.8% in asymptomatic men. Demographic and behavioral factors were not independent predictors of infection. In resource-poor settings with high prevalences of urethral infection, an effective screening and management strategy would be to treat symptomatic men, as well as asymptomatic men with a positive LED test, for all three infections.
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PMID:Urethral infection in a workplace population of East African men: evaluation of strategies for screening and management. 908 38

The goal of this study was to determine whether a urine two-glass test or a leucocyte esterase (LE) test of first-void urine (FVU) improve the sensitivity or specificity of the World Health Organization (WHO) algorithm for the syndromic management of men with urethritis in southern Thailand. A secondary aim was to determine whether infection with Trichomonas vaginalis was sufficiently common to include treatment for it in a syndromic management protocol. One hundred and twenty-nine men with symptoms of urethritis seen at 2 STD clinics in Songkla Province, Thailand were enrolled. Symptoms and signs of each man were recorded and a urethral swab collected for microscopy and culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A two-glass urine test and an LE test of an FVU specimen were performed. The FVU was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and T. vaginalis. Dysuria was a symptom in 78% of men. A urethral discharge was a symptom in 68% but was evident on examination in 95% of the men. The prevalences of infection were 32.6% for N. gonorrhoeae, 23.3% for C. trachomatis, 1.6% for T. vaginalis and 51.9% for any infection. The sensitivities and specificities of urethral discharge on examination, two-glass test and LE test of FVU as indicators of infection with either or both of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis were 97% and 8%; 57% and 83%; and 59% and 78% respectively. Combinations of urethral discharge on examination and one of the other indicators were more specific but much less sensitive than the presence of discharge alone. Culture for N. gonorrhoeae was found to be only 43% sensitive compared with an expanded gold standard involving a PCR test. Our analysis demonstrates that neither the two-glass test nor the LE test of FVU were useful in improving on the WHO algorithm for management of men with urethritis. T. vaginalis was not common enough to include in a first-line syndromic management protocol for male urethritis. We recommend that, in southern Thailand, men with symptoms of urethritis in whom a urethral discharge is present on examination be offered immediate treatment for both N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis as per the WHO algorithm.
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PMID:Can a two-glass urine test or leucocyte esterase test of first-void urine improve syndromic management of male urethritis in southern Thailand? 1077 86

The aim of this study was to screen healthy rural and urban Tanzanian men for chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea, and determine the prevalence and the predictive value of urethral symptoms, signs and pyuria. In 2 cross-sectional surveys, 796 men were interviewed regarding symptoms and examined for signs of urethritis. Gonorrhoea was detected by culture/gram-stained smears, Chlamydia trachomatis by antigen immunoassay, and pyuria by leukocyte esterase dipstick test. The prevalence of chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea and pyuria among rural men was 9.6%, 0.4%, and 12.7%, and among urban bar workers 7.4%, 8.1% and 6.3% respectively. Among all, 0.6% had urethral discharge confirmed by examination, while 2.6% reported urethral discharge and 7.4% dysuria. Among chlamydia-infected men, 59 (89%) of the 66 cases did not have urethritis symptoms or signs. Similarly, 24 (88%) of 28 men with gonorrhoea were asymptomatic. Treatment based on the urethral discharge sign, would have detected only one out of 92 cases with gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia in these populations.
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PMID:Asymptomatic gonorrhoea and chlamydial infection in a population-based and work-site based sample of men in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. 1105 38

Symptoms of urethritis in men typically include urethral discharge, penile itching or tingling, and dysuria. A diagnosis can be made if at least one of the following is present: discharge, a positive result on a leukocyte esterase test in first-void urine, or at least 10 white blood cells per high-power field in urine sediment. The primary pathogens associated with urethritis are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Racial disparities in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections persist in the United States, with rates of gonorrhea 40 times higher in black adolescent males than in white adolescent males. Recent studies have focused on identifying causes of nongonococcal urethritis and developing testing for atypical organisms, such as Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species. Less common pathogens identified in patients with urethritis include Trichomonas species, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus. History and examination findings can help distinguish urethritis from other urogenital syndromes, such as epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis. The goals of treatment include alleviating symptoms; preventing complications in the patient and his sexual partners; reducing the transmission of coinfections (particularly human immunodeficiency virus); identifying and treating the patient's contacts; and encouraging behavioral changes that will reduce the risk of recurrence. The combination of azithromycin or doxycycline plus ceftriaxone or cefixime is considered first-line empiric therapy in patients with urethritis. Expedited partner treatment, which involves giving patients prescriptions for partners who have not been examined by the physician, is advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and has been approved in many states. There is an association between urethritis and an increased human immunodeficiency virus concentration in semen.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men. 2132 7