Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0152447 (urethral discharge)
 296 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, physicians took endocervical swab examples from 325 women and urethral swab samples from 85 men to determine the extent of Chlamydia trachomatis infections and to compare an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of C. trachomatis with the standard cell culture. All the men had urethritis. The women included pregnant, postnatal, and nonpregnant women. EIA positive tests were used to indicate C. trachomatis infection. 22.4% of all men had chlamydia infection (17.2% of symptom free men, 26% of men experiencing pain when urinating and/or urethral discharge, and 75% of men with postgonococcal urethritis). 8.6% of all pregnant women had cervical C. trachomatis infection (8.5% of asymptomatic pregnant women and 16.7% of pregnant women with vaginal discharge). 11.4% of all postnatal and nonpregnant women tested positive for C. trachomatis. The rates among these women were 66.7% for those who had pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 50% for those with a history of abortion. 50% for those with a herpetic lesion, 25% for those using oral contraceptives (OCs), 16.3% for nonpregnant women with pain during urination and/or vaginal discharge, 11.4% for those with no symptoms, 8.1% for those with infertility, 7.7% for postnatal women having pain during urination or vaginal discharge, and 4% for those using IUDs. The EIA's sensitivity rates ranged from 75% for women with infertility to 100% for symptomatic men and those with postgonococcal urethritis, symptomatic pregnant women, symptomatic postpartum women, women with PID, and women using OCs. Specificity rates were higher and ranged 92.9-100%. EIA's high sensitivity and specificity along with its rapid performance make it a valuable diagnostic test in clinics where incidence of C. trachomatis infection tends to be high, e.g., sexually transmitted disease clinics. Clinicians could also use it in low risk settings, but they should be careful when interpreting results.
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PMID:Enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in diverse patient groups. 267 Nov 55

The complications of sexually transmitted diseases -- epididymitis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease in women -- result in 12,000 cases of infertility a year in France. It is therefore necessary to implement a program for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in France. The 1st step in such a program must be a feasibility study to determine the level of participation of general practitioners and the suitability of the questionnaires. The feasibility study was carried out in 2 steps, one in 1984 and a similar one in 1985. In each year, during a 4-week period, 57 participating doctors filled out questionnaires for each patient consulting for leucorrhea or urethral discharge. During the year between the studies, information brochures on sexually transmitted diseases were produced for doctors and the public. In 1984, the physicians noted 154 cases of leucorrhea and urethral discharge; in 1985, they noted 121 cases, an average of 6 cases/1000 patients. Of the 275 cases, 141 were in men, 134 in women. Only 4% of the men and 9% of the women were under 20, indicating that young patients go to a free health clinic rather than to private practitioners. Over 1/2 of the men, but only 1/5 of the women had multiple sexual partners, and 1/2 the patients were consulting for a recurrence. Bacteriological screening showed that the commonest organisms in the male infections were Gonococcus and Chlamydia trachomatis, while in women mycoses were more prevalent. The feasibility study showed that general practitioners cooperated and that the quality of the data was good. The 2nd phase of the study, a community randomized trial, is currently being conducted in 6 French administrative departments, 3 for treatment and 3 to act as controls. In each department 50 physicians are participating. All available information will be disseminated in the 3 treatment departments for 3 months after beginning the experiment.
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PMID:The prevention of sexually transmitted diseases which affect fertility: methodological problems and initial results. 334 19

Young men presenting to a General Surgical Unit with acute epididymitis underwent microbiological investigation, including culture for Chlamydia trachomatis. The results were compared with similar investigations in an asymptomatic control population and with patients presenting to the Department of Genito-urinary Medicine with urethral discharge. Chlamydia trachomatis was cultured from 15% of patients with acute epididymitis and a further 15% had serological evidence of exposure to Chlamydia. Nearly 50% of patients attending the Genito-urinary clinic grew Chlamydia from the urethra. The background prevalence of Chlamydia in the control population was low. It is necessary to identify the significant minority of young men with acute epididymitis associated with chlamydial infection, because of the risk of pelvic inflammation and infertility in their female partners. At present this can only be achieved by submitting all young men with acute epididymitis to full microbiological investigation.
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PMID:The relevance of Chlamydia trachomatis in acute epididymitis in young men. 340 73

The major cause of infertility among black Africans is traditionally attributed to a female factor and few reports are available on the male factor. This study analyzed the clinical and seminal data obtained from a population of 1726 suspected infertile African men evaluated from July 1985 to June 1991. The possible cause of infertility was judged on the results of first semen analysis. Of these men, 49% were secondarily infertile and 36% had previously received treatment for a urethral discharge. Varicocoeles were present in 183 cases (11%) and 11% had serological evidence of previous exposure to syphilis. Azoospermia was present in 152 patients (9%), 5% had polizoospermia, 45% had hypospermia (< 2 mL) and 9% (> 6 mL) had hyperspermia. In 70% of patients a possible contributing male factor for infertility was found. It would appear that the male factor contributed significantly to infertility, and evaluation of the black African male can therefore be regarded as a rewarding venture.
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PMID:Observations in infertile African males at an andrology clinic in South Africa. 781 67

Between March 1993 and April 1994, tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis were performed by direct immunofluorescence on genital discharges from 99 men and 336 women at the Medical Biology Laboratory of Principal Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. Chlamadyial infection was demonstrated in 30 men (30.3%) and 31 women (9.2%). Working women who tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis were significantly older than those who tested negative (p < 0.05). The opposite was true for working men (p < 0.05). The incidence of positive findings was significantly higher in students (20.5%) than in non-students (10.7%) (p < 0.05). From a clinical standpoint urethral discharge was noted in only 24% of infected men whereas vaginal discharge was present in 96% of infected women. For most infected women the motive for consultation was infertility. The findings of this study attest to the prevalence of Chlamydial infection in the population studied and underline the need for further study to determine its role in the etiology of infertility.
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PMID:[Chlamydia trachomatis in a urogenital practice: 435 specimens collected at a Senegalese hospital]. 855 17

In the present study, Trichomonas vaginalis was diagnosed in 28.8% male patients with urethral discharge and in 8.2% suffering from impotence and infertility. Diagnosis was based on examination of urethral discharge, urine, semen and prostatic massage fluid by wet mount, stained films and culture inoculation. Diamond's culture proved to be the method of choice.
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PMID:Study of trichomoniasis among Egyptian male patients. 961 63

Medico-social factors such as type of infertility, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), drug abuse, erectile dysfunction, divorce, and polygamy were evaluated among 64 infertile men (i.e. 32 oligo-asthenozoospermic and 32 azoospermic) and 23 men of proven fertility in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Of the 64 infertile men, 27 (42%) and 37 (58%) had primary and secondary infertility respectively. A history of STD, indicated by purulent urethral discharge, was recorded among 40 (63%) with 22 (55%) of this number having had repeated exposures to STD. While 17 (43%) of the infected infertile men were treated by qualified medical doctors, 23 (57%) either had self-medication or received treatment from quacks. Five (8%) of the 64 infertile men used hard drugs, 11 (17%) had erectile dysfunction, 15 (23%) were re-married due to broken marriage relationship or divorce, and 7 (11%) were polygamous. All the fertile men were monogamous with no history of either erectile dysfunction or usage of hard drugs. One (4%) of the fertile men had a history of a broken marriage relationships. Six (26%) had a history of STD with 5 (26%) of them having received treatment from qualified medical doctors. Although the study population is small, the results obtained in this study reveal higher incidences of STD, marital instability, and multiple marriage partnerships (polygamy) among infertile men than the fertile in Jos.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases and medico-social factors associated with male infertility in Nigeria. 1228 83

Patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in developing countries are often untreated for long periods of time or receive ineffective treatment, producing complications that can lead to infertility, blindness, and even death. In addition, there is growing research evidence that people with bacterial or viral STDs are more likely to acquire--and perhaps transmit--the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). STD control programs in developing countries must be reorganized to include: 1) good management of patients with STDs and their contacts, 2) case finding for syphilis in the antenatal population, 3) screenings and case findings for gonorrhea in high-risk groups, and 4) systematic prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns. Since diagnosis before treatment is problematic in rural areas, the World Health Organization recommends simple treatment protocols based on the most common STD symptoms--urethral discharge; gynecological complaints such as vaginal discharge, low abdominal pain, or dysuria; genital ulceration; and inguinal bubo, a swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin. Other components of this approach include standardized treatment, contact tracing and treatment, health education targeted at high-risk groups, follow-up and case referral where necessary, and the collection of simple statistics on treatment efficacy and STD epidemiology. The incidence of STDs in developing countries is steadily increasing as a result of urbanization, increased numbers of young people, and delayed age at marriage. However, this situation can be combatted through application of treatment protocols, technological advances, improvements in the health care delivery system, and awareness on the part of policy makers of the seriousness of the STD problem.
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PMID:Management of sexually transmitted diseases. 1234 18

The real prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is unknown since many women are either asymptomatic or have atypical symptoms. It is often difficult to detect, manage, and prevent PID. Since PID has obstetric, gynecologic, and contraceptive-related causes, its prevalence is quite high. About 70% of PID hospital admissions in sub-Saharan Africa are a result of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) while this figure is 34% in Asia and 31% in developed countries. Only 10-20% of lower RTIs ascend into the upper genital tract and an even smaller percentage of women with PID develop chronic sequelae. Still, just 1 episode carries an increased risk of a tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, considerable pain during coitus, a new episode, and menstrual irregularities. Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common causative organisms of PID. In Africa, the risk factors for PID are the same as they are for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): multiple sex partners, young age at first intercourse, high frequency of coitus, and a high rate of acquiring new partners. The largest percentage of women with RTIs are monogamous women who are infected and constantly reinfected by their promiscuous husbands. The primary means to prevent PID are promotion of safer sexual behavior and condom usage. Secondary measures include accessible, acceptable, and effective STD services and education and counseling during case management. WHO suggests that STD treatment become part of the primary health care system. It has developed flow charts on syndromic diagnosis for urethral discharge in men and genital ulcer disease in women. Health workers should assume increased PID risk if the partner has had a history of urethral discharge and/or treatment for gonorrhea or nongonococcal urethritis. Partner notification is also needed for case management, but stigmatization in some countries poses a problem. WHO also recommends use of drugs which have a 95% STD cure rate.
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PMID:Pelvic inflammatory disease. 1234 39

According to World Health Organization estimates, there are 333 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) each year. The total number of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) is even higher since these infections may have few visible symptoms, especially in women. Left untreated, however, RTIs can lead to infertility. Common symptoms include: unusually thick or foul-smelling vaginal or urethral discharge, genital sores, anal sores, genital itching, pain when urinating and during sexual intercourse, painful swelling in the lymph glands or groin, and lower abdominal pain. The open sores associated with STDs such as syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes greatly increase the risk of HIV transmission, as may STDs such as gonorrhea that are associated with urethral or vaginal discharge. To facilitate the prompt diagnosis and treatment of RTIs, this article briefly describes the diagnosis and long-term effects of gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital herpes, genital warts, candida, and bacterial vaginosis.
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PMID:Common infections. 1234 38


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