Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0152030 (skin irritation)
 2,146 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The local and systemic tolerance of 7-chloro-3-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H- imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy-methyl]benzo[b]thiophene (sertaconazole, FI-7045, CAS 99592-32-2) 2% cream was studied in healthy volunteers after cutaneous application in an increasing-dose schedule during 13 days. Blood and urine samples were collected after the application of 16 g of cream. Percentage of absorption was determined in eight 3 x 3 cm areas of the volar arm skin after 2 mg cream topical application. No changes on vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature) or in the ECG were found during the trial. Sertaconazole did not produce skin irritation nor systemic side effects. Sertaconazole was not detected in either the serum and urine samples obtained. The percentage of cutaneous absorption at 24 h after administration reached 72% of the applied dose.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of sertaconazole in man after repeated percutaneous administration. 162 99

Epidermal hyperplasia was induced in hairless mice (hr/hr) by topical n-hexadecane treatment of tail and back skin. Following this skin irritation, a granular layer developed in interfollicular regions of the tail epidermis. An increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity, of thymidine triphosphate incorporation into DNA and of amino acid incorporation into protein was found. Shown histologically and by measurement of the called biochemical parameters, ciclosporin (cyclosporin A, CAS 59865-13-3; pretreatment with 30 mg/kg b.w. per day subcutaneously for 7 days) inhibited the development of epidermal hyperplasia in back and tail epidermis.
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PMID:Inhibition of n-hexadecane-induced epidermal hyperplasia due to systemically administered ciclosporin. 204 75

2,4-Pentanedione (2,4 PD; CAS Number 123-54-6) is an industrial chemical with potential for skin contact. Repeated exposure studies by peroral and inhalation routes have shown central neurotoxicity and possible effects on the immune system. To determine the likelihood for systemic toxicity by cutaneous contact with 2,4-PD, a short-term repeated skin contact study was conducted in New Zealand white rabbits. The planned protocol was for dosing, with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml undiluted 2,4-PD by 6 h occlusive contact/d for 9 d; these were equivalent to dosages of 244, 975 and 1463 mg/kg/d. A dosage-related skin irritation was seen macroscopically and by light microscopy, which was minimal at the low dosage. Mortalities occurred at the mid (1/6 males, 3/6 females) and high dosages (5/12 males, 7/12 females), with deaths between the 2nd and 5th dosing day. In view of these mortalities and signs, dosing of the mid and high dose animals was discontinued, and survivors were kept to the end of the dosing period. Signs at the mid and high dosage included hypoactivity, tremors, convulsions, uncoordinated movements and prostration, and appeared between the 2nd and 4th dose. Body weight gain and food consumption were reduced for the mid and high dosage groups. Increased hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte counts may have been associated with dehydration, and increased heterophil count with cutaneous inflammation. Several serum biochemical changes reflected cutaneous irritation, and high creatine kinase activity was probably a consequence of convulsions. Immune effects included decreased lymphocyte counts and lymphoid necrosis in spleen and thymus. Central neuropathology in the mid and high dosages was seen as hemorrhages and neuronal degeneration, the latter principally in piriform cortex, globus pallidus and hippocampus. No peripheral neuropathy was present. 244 mg/kg/d was the no-effects dosage for systemic toxicity. This study confirmed a potential for systemic toxicity, principally central neurotoxicity, from percutaneous absorption of 2,4-PD.
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PMID:Systemic toxicity from repeated cutaneous contact with 2,4-pentanedione. 1120 70

Glutaraldehyde (GA, CAS Number 110-30-8), an aliphatic dialdehyde, has a wide range of industrial, scientific, and medical applications. It is available in aqueous solutions, whose concentrations vary up to 50% (w/w) and from which there is a potential during use for skin and eye contact and exposure to the vapor. The acute toxicity and primary irritancy of a wide range of GA concentrations were investigated to determine the differential hazards for such solutions. The acute peroral toxicity in the rat, expressed as ml of solution dosed, was moderate for solutions of 5% and above (LD50 range 0.88-3.25 ml/kg) and generally varied little for solutions up to 50%. Solutions less than 5% GA were of slight toxicity (LD50 range 3.34-12.30 ml/kg for 1 and 2% solutions). When lethality was expressed as absolute amount of GA dosed (mg GA/kg), there was a reciprocal relationship between the concentration of GA solution dosed and LD50. This was confirmed in the mouse, which is more susceptible than the rat to acute peroral toxicity. The acute percutaneous toxicity of GA solutions to rabbits (24 h occlusion) was moderate (LD50 range 1.59-2.71 ml/kg) for 46 and 50% solutions, and slight for 25% GA solutions (8.80-16.00 ml/kg). At 15% and less, 16.0 ml/kg was not lethal. Exposures (4-8 h) of rats to saturated vapor atmospheres of GA generated dynamically or statistically at ambient temperature (17-25 C) produced only transient peripheral sensory irritant effects to the eyes and respiratory tract. In contrast, vapor atmosphere generated dynamically at elevated temperature (60 or 65 C) produce severe effects, including mortality (4-h LC50 range 23.5-44.3 ppm). Histopathology in rats that died included exposure concentration-related acute inflammation and necrosis in the nasal mucosa, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Standard primary skin irritation tests in the rabbit indicated severe skin irritation and necrosis at 45 and 50% GA; necrosis occurred with 1 and 4 h contact at 50% and at 4 h with 45%. Inflammation was moderate at 25%, slight to moderate with 5 and 10% GA, minor at 2%, and threshold at 1%. Standard primary eye irritation tests showed 45% GA to produce severe conjunctival and corneal injury, which was persistent. At 2% GA corneal injury was mild, and at 5% marked. The lowest concentration producing corneal injury was 1.0%, and the no-effects concentration was 0.5%. The threshold for conjunctival effects was 0.2%, and the no-effects concentration 0.1%. At 1% GA, conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis were moderate to marked, and became more severe with higher GA concentrations. The results suggest potential acute handling hazards with various concentrations of GA solutions and indicate industrial hygiene considerations.
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PMID:The acute toxicity and primary irritancy of glutaraldehyde solutions. 1147 30