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Query: UMLS:C0152030 (skin irritation)
 2,146 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The potential of rat epidermal keratinocyte (REK) organotypic culture (ROC) with proper stratum corneum barrier as a model for screening skin irritants was evaluated. The test chemicals were selected from ECETOC database (1995) and the observed in vitro irritation potential was compared to ECETOC in vivo primary irritation index (PII), to EU risk phrases, and to the harmonized OECD criteria. Chemicals were applied onto the stratum corneum surface of ROC for 30 min and samples were taken from the underlying medium at 4 and 8 h after exposure. Cell membrane integrity (determined by LDH assay) and pro-inflammatory effect (determined by IL-1alpha release) were verified at both time points and correlated to PII values. The best correlation (R(2) = 0.831) was seen with LDH leakage test. Based on obtained data, chemicals were classified according to criteria defined by EU and OECD. From 12 chemicals, only two were incorrectly classified according to OECD criteria when using LDH leakage and IL-1alpha release as irritation markers. At the end of experiment, chemical-treated ROC cultures were fixed and histological changes were assessed. Typical signs for irritation were lightly stained cytoplasm, condensed nuclei, cellular vacuolization, eosinophilic cytoplasms, and blebbing. These irritation effects of chemicals were graded visually into four classes (A-D). The extent of morphological perturbations of the cultures mostly correlated with PII. The present results indicate the validity of the ROC model in predicting skin irritation potential of chemicals and show that the use of set of irritation markers with different mechanistic responses gives more information on irritation than if only one marker was used.
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PMID:Rat epidermal keratinocyte organotypic culture (ROC) as a model for chemically induced skin irritation testing. 1623 67

The aim of the present work was to develop a minimally invasive system for the delivery of macromolecular drugs to the deep skin tissues, so-called in-skin electroporation (IN-SKIN EP), using a microneedle (MN) electrode array. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (FD-4: average molecular weight, 4.3 kDa) was used as the model macromolecular drug. MNs were arranged to puncture the skin barrier, the stratum corneum, and electrodes were used for EP so that a high electric field could be applied to skin tissues to promote viable skin delivery. In vitro skin permeation experiments showed that IN-SKIN EP had a much higher skin penetration-enhancing effect for FD-4 than MN alone or ON-SKIN EP (conventional EP treatment), and that higher permeation was achieved by applying a higher voltage and longer pulse width of EP. In addition, no marked skin irritation was observed by IN-SKIN EP, which was determined by the LDH leaching test. These results suggest that IN-SKIN EP can be more effectively utilized as a potential skin delivery system of macromolecular drugs than MN alone and conventional ON-SKIN EP.
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PMID:Transdermal drug delivery by in-skin electroporation using a microneedle array. 2061 29