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Query: UMLS:C0152030 (skin irritation)
 2,146 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a study of the prevalences of chromate allergy and hand eczema among workers engaged in the manufacture of pre-fabricated concrete building components in Denmark in 1981 and again in 1987. In September 1981 the chromate content of cement manufactured and sold in Denmark was reduced to not more than 2 ppm (parts per million) of water-soluble chromate. This was accomplished by adding ferrous sulfate, thus increasing the cost of the cement by about 1%. There was a statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of chromate allergy and hand eczema following the addition of ferrous sulfate, but there was no change in the frequency of skin irritation. The economic benefit of adding ferrous sulfate was demonstrated by a decrease in the need for dermatological services and topical steroid treatment. Cement eczema as a result of chromate allergy is a common occupational dermatitis among workers in the building and construction industries and a reduction in the chromate content of cement would appear to be a reasonable preventive measure in areas where there is a large concentration of construction industries.
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PMID:Prevalence of cement eczema in Denmark before and since addition of ferrous sulfate to Danish cement. 256 34

Occlusion often, but not always, enhances percutaneous absorption and thus may facilitate skin irritation. Quantitative data about the impact occlusivity may have on minimal irritant stimuli to which the skin is exposed in daily life, and which may lead to chronic irritant contact dermatitis, are however lacking. Irritant stimuli were administered by repeated application of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in an open application procedure. After the open exposure, the skin was either left open or occluded with plastic. Skin irritancy was assessed by means of visual grading and by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. Post-exposure occlusive treatment markedly enhanced the irritant response. 5 consecutive daily applications produced more irritation, with or without occlusion, than alternate day application. Occlusion may be a relevant factor in the development of irritant contact dermatitis from certain chemicals.
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PMID:Post-application occlusion substantially increases the irritant response of the skin to repeated short-term sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure. 262 May 12

Metal cutting/grinding fluids are of three basic types: straight oil (insoluble), oil-in-water emulsions (soluble) and synthetic/semisynthetic. All contain a variety of additives to improve performance. Human exposure occurs primarily by direct skin contact with the liquid or by skin and respiratory contact after fluid misting. Dermatitis caused by primary or direct skin irritation is the most prevalent health effect of exposure to cutting fluids. Occasionally allergic dermatitis is seen which is related to the development of sensitization to one or more of the additive components. Recent studies indicate that long-term exposure to cutting fluids does not result in increased incidences of lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, or death from non-malignant respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure to certain cutting fluids, however, is believed to have resulted in certain types of skin cancer, especially scrotal cancer. It is likely that these carcinogenic responses were caused by contact with polycyclic aromatic compounds (PCA) of 3-7 rings. Modern base oils which are severely refined have very low levels of PCA, are not carcinogenic in animal bioassays, and are unlikely to be carcinogenic in man. This is not necessarily true for re-refined oils which may contain significant levels of PCA and polychlorinated biphenyls derived from comingling used cutting oils with used engine oils and transformer oils. Cutting oils, themselves, generally do not accumulate significant levels of carcinogenic PCA during use. Additives, in theory, can cause a variety of health effects either directly or through the generation of reaction products such as nitrosamines. In actual use, adverse health effects appear to be limited to occasional instances of allergic contact dermatitis. Nitrosamines are extremely carcinogenic in test animals; although no human cancer cases directly attributable to nitrosamine contamination have been observed, nitrosating agents and amines should not be combined in cutting fluid formulations. It is difficult to anticipate or predict the potential toxicity of a particular cutting fluid formulation because of the presence of variable amounts of proprietary additives which, themselves, are often complex reaction mixtures. Thus, each additive and final formulation must be evaluated on a case by case basis to appropriately assess potential health hazards.
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PMID:Health effects of oil mists: a brief review. 266 32

Forty-eight patients with acne vulgaris in the face were treated with a water-based (Basiron) and an alcohol-based (Panoxyl) 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation. A randomized double-blind, contralateral study was used. No difference in clinical effect was found. Treatment for 8 weeks resulted in at least 50% reduction in the number of closed comedones, papules and pustules in over 80% of the patients. In more than 70% of the patients, the reduction exceeded 75%. The water-based Basiron caused significantly less skin irritation than the alcohol-based preparation of Panoxyl.
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PMID:Water-based versus alcohol-based benzoyl peroxide preparations in the treatment of acne vulgaris. 294 13

The influence of sodium lauryl sulfate on physiological properties of the skin surface in children was assessed by continuous measuring of electric conductivity in the course of iontophoresis with physiological solution. The results achieved have shown that even very low concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (0.1% water solution) provoke changes of physiological properties in the skin surface. A concentration of 0.5% has been established to be the limit concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate which can evidently injure the barrier functions. The degree of changes in electric conductivity was not dependent on the intensity of the skin irritation.
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PMID:[Objective assessment of the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on the surface of the skin in childhood]. 366 35

Municipal sewage treatment plant workers are potentially exposed to a multitude of industrial chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms. A questionnaire survey of working habits, lifestyle and symptoms of illness was conducted among 189 municipal sewage treatment plant workers processing between three and ten million gallons of wastewater daily in 16 plants in New York State between March and July of 1984. Water treatment plant workers in the same cities comprised the comparison group. Sewage workers reported a significantly higher frequency of headache, dizziness, sore throat, skin irritation and diarrhea within the month immediately preceding receipt of the questionnaire, after controlling for various possible confounders. Eye and skin irritation were significantly associated with exposure to mutagens. The health significance of these findings and possible sources of error in assessing risk are discussed.
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PMID:Health among municipal sewage and water treatment workers. 368 35

The dermal oncogenic potential of diethylenetriamine, high purity and commercial grades (DETA-HP and DE-TA-C), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), and polyamine HPA No. 2 was assessed by applying 25-microliter aliquots of aqueous solutions to the skin of groups of 50 male C3H/HeJ mice. The concentrations applied were 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 25.0, and 10.0% by volume for DETA-HP, DETA-C, TETA, TEPA, and HPA No. 2, respectively. Applications were made thrice weekly until the death of the animals. A negative control group received deionized water (solvent) only. All animals were individually housed. No treatment-related skin tumors were observed, nor was there evidence of increased incidence of any internal tumor. Twenty TEPA-treated mice had hyperkeratosis and 13 had necrosis of the epidermis, both indicative of skin irritation. Such lesions were absent or occurred very infrequently in the other groups of mice. The mean survival times were 587, 662, 627, 591, 601, and 626 days for the DETA-HP, DETA-C, TETA, TEPA, HPA No. 2, and water control groups, respectively. In no case was the mortality rate significantly different from that of the controls. The results indicate that none of these compounds was oncogenic under the conditions of these studies.
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PMID:Dermal oncogenicity studies on various ethyleneamines in male C3H mice. 369 33

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate compatibility between aluminium Finn Chambers and various mercurials either dissolved in water or dispersed in petrolatum (at the concentrations used in patch test clinics). Aluminium chambers were corroded by aqueous solutions of mercuric oxycyanide, ammoniated mercury and thiomersal, but not by solutions of other mercurials. No corrosion was noted when mercurials had been dispersed in petrolatum, even after 6 months at 37 degrees C. Patch test series of mercurials dispersed in petrolatum were applied on the skin of guinea pigs and in man for 48 h, using aluminium Finn Chambers. No clinical sign of skin irritation was observed. It can be concluded that aluminium Finn Chambers may be safely used for patch testing mercurials if these are dispersed in petrolatum.
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PMID:An evaluation of the compatibility between aluminium Finn Chambers and various mercurials dissolved in water or dispersed in petrolatum. 398 16

We have studied the skin irritation produced by the prolonged application of transdermal therapeutic systems. The systems were applied to the skin of the back of male volunteers for 120 hours, and sweat accumulation and bacterial growth were studied. In some cases hydrogel discs were attached to the systems. The results showed that sweat accumulation contributed more to the skin irritation than the bacterial overgrowth. The incorporation of hydrogels in the transdermal delivery system may help to reduce skin irritation by absorbing water.
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PMID:Skin irritation caused by transdermal drug delivery systems during long-term (5 days) application. 399 21

One week of nightly application of sulfur-salicylic acid shampoo as a lotion was evaluated for the treatment of tinea versicolor. One half of the randomly allocated patients used the active preparation and the other half used a bland oil-in-water lotion as a placebo. Three months after completing treatment, nineteen of twenty-two using sulfur-salicylic acid shampoo were still negative by KOH examination, whereas only one of sixteen controls was negative. Skin irritation occurred in a few patients but did not reduce the effectiveness of the treatment.
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PMID:Treatment of tinea versicolor with sulfur-salicylic shampoo. 633 64


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