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Query: UMLS:C0152030 (skin irritation)
 2,146 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nickel sulphate is a sensitizer in guinea pigs, but the frequency of sensitization varies from study to study. The dose-response relationship for NiSO4.6H2O was evaluated in the guinea pig maximization test in this study. 6 intradermal (0.01%-3.0% aq.) and 6 topical (0.25%-10.0% pet.) concentrations were chosen for induction and NiSO4.6H2O 1% pet. was used for challenge, based on the absence of skin irritation in a pilot study. Blind reading was performed. A logistic dose-response model was applied to the challenge results. At 48 h, a linear relationship was obtained between the intradermal induction dose (but not topical dose) and the response, resulting in a maximum sensitization rate of 40% after 3% i.d. The reactivity disappeared at re-challenge 1 week later. Following a booster closed patch on day 35, using NiSO4 10% pet., the animals were challenged with NiSO4 2% pet. and statistical analyses of 72-h readings revealed a non-linear dose-response relationship, giving a maximum response frequency of 40% after initial induction with NiSO4 3% i.d. and 2% topical.
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PMID:Nickel-sulphate-induced contact dermatitis in the guinea pig maximization test: a dose-response study. 204 67

Diseases caused by occupational exposure to sensitizing metals including platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), zirconium (Zr) and beryllium (Be) are reviewed. Allergic reactions induced by the metals are described according to the classification by Coombs and Gell. Metals with unproven sensitizing potential are not discussed if reports on these are either very rare or devoid of convincing evidence for allergic involvement. The sensitizing metals are haptens which are not themselves able to act as antigens. There is evidence that combination of the metals with circulating or tissue protein gives rise to new antigens. An alternative hypothesis is that these metals interfere with the antigen recognition step of the immune response. Immunomodulatory effects or immunotoxicity of the metals may be also involved in metal-induced hypersensitivity. Occupational exposure to Pt, Rh, Ni, Cr, and Co causes allergic asthma via type I allergic reaction in which serum from affected individuals shows specific IgE antibodies against mental-human serum albumin conjugates. Some rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with gold salt therapy develop glomerulonephritis, thrombocytopenia, or agranulocytosis, which arise from type II and/or type III allergic reactions. Occupational exposure to mercury causes glomerulonephritis in which involvement of type III reaction is suggested. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction of the skin also takes place following exposure to the metals: allergic contact dermatitis is evoked by exposure to Ni, Cr, Co, Rh, and Hg; cutaneous granuloma is formed by contact with Zr and Be. Be is also a sensitizer of the lungs, resulting in granulomatous disease. Diagnosis of metal-induced allergic diseases is made on the basis of allergological tests with metal antigens including skin tests, radioallergosorbent test for specific antibody, lymphocyte transformation test, macrophage migration inhibition test, and provocation test. Atopy is a predisposing factor and smoking is a risk factor for developing metal-induced asthma. Evidence for genetic factors in the development of metal contact dermatitis is conflicting, although animal models implicate genetic factors in skin sensitization with some metals and respiratory sensitization with Be. Skin irritation, forearm injury, complication with atopic dermatitis and concomitant sensitization to other agents are determinants for prognosis of the dermatitis. Epidemiological reports of occupational diseases from allergic reactions to metals in industries are reviewed with respect to prevalence and allergic manifestations. There is a report on a clinical trial of hyposensitization with Pt in a platinum asthma patient. Predictive methods for evaluating sensitization potential of metals have been developed and new methods, which quantify potential more objectively, are sought.
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PMID:[Occupational diseases caused by exposure to sensitizing metals]. 851 Mar 47

Because of the increasing need of reliable skin irritation tests and in order to reduce the number of animal experiments, in vitro alternatives have to be developed. We studied four surfactants and five metal salts for their cytotoxic potency in HaCaT cells, a spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte line. The endpoint used to assess cellular viability was metabolization of the tetrazolium salt XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide). The tested substances revealed a significant rank order of their cytotoxicity at an exposure time of 24 h. It was 1) benzalkonium chloride, 2) sodium lauryl sulphate, and 3) Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate) and Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate), for the surfactants; and 1) potassium bichromate, 2) copper sulphate, 3) cobalt chloride and palladium chloride, and 4) nickel sulphate, for the metal salts. There is an excellent correlation to the rank order of their known irritative potency in vivo. Being practicable and effective, the presented XTT-assay on HaCaT cells would be well suitable for an initial orientating screening of substances, subsequently followed by irritation tests directly in humans.
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PMID:Use of XTT-assay to assess the cytotoxicity of different surfactants and metal salts in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). A feasible method for in vitro testing of skin irritants. 905 72

Work-related skin disease is common and usually presents as hand eczema. From the Occupational Injury Information System in Sweden, as well as from registers of industrial injuries in other countries, it is evident that females report skin disease more often than males. Epidemiological studies of hand eczema also show that women are more often affected than men, in particular young women. The most common type of hand eczema is irritant contact dermatitis, which is often caused by wet work. Many female-dominated occupations involve extensive wet work, e.g., hairdressing, catering, cleaning and health-care work. These occupations are also high-risk occupations for hand eczema. Experimental studies of skin irritation have not confirmed differences between the sexes; thus, the higher prevalence of irritant contact dermatitis among females is most likely due to exposure, occupational and non-occupational. Nickel allergy is the most common contact allergy, which is most frequent in young females, and in 30-40% results over time in hand eczema. Hand eczema has an impact on quality of life and females seem to report a higher degree of discomfort than males. To achieve the optimal effect of preventive efforts regarding occupational skin disease, the focus for prevention should aim at reducing wet exposure.
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PMID:Differences between the sexes with regard to work-related skin disease. 1094 43

Recently, the use of asbestos has been considerably limited in Poland, with the simultaneous increase in the manufacture, processing and application of man-made mineral fibres, which includes ceramic fibres. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the type and frequency of dermal changes caused by the irritant activity of ceramic fibres among workers at the plants that manufacture packing and insulation products; and (2) to compare the irritant activity of Polish-made L-2 and L-3 ceramic fibres with that of the Thermowool ceramic fibres made in England. Workers (n = 226) who were exposed to ceramic fibres underwent dermatological examination. Patch tests with the standard allergen set, together with samples of the fibres L-2, L-3, and Thermowool fibres, were applied to all the workers. It has been shown that the Polish-made L-2 and L-3 fibres differed from Thermowool fibres in that the L-2 and L-3 fibres contained zirconium and were coarser. The proportion of filaments with diameters above 3 microns was 11.1% in the L-3 fibre and 6.3% in the L-2 fibre samples. The Thermowool fibre did not contain filaments thicker than 3 microns. Evident dermal changes, resulting from strong irritant activity of the fibres, were detected in 109 (48.2%) of the workers examined. Irritant contact dermatitis acuta (maculae, sometimes papulae and small crusts on the upper extremities, trunk, and lower extremities), disappearing after 2-3 days, was found in 50 (22.1%) workers. Irritant contact dermatitis chronica (diffuse permanent erythema with numerous telangiectasiae on the lateral portions of the face and neck, on the trunk, behind the auricles) was detected in 40 (17.7%) workers. The remaining 19 (8.4%) workers had both types of dermal change. All examined workers complained of very strong itching. The results of the patch tests confirmed the irritant activity of the ceramic fibres. Erythema without oedema, persisting for up to 96 h, appeared at the places where the fibres had been applied to the skin in 44 (19.5%) workers. In addition, the irritant activity of the fibres has been shown to be correlated with their thickness. The Thermowool fibre was the weakest irritant, because it did not contain filaments above 3 microns in diameter; the L-2 fibre containing 6.3% filaments above 3 microns caused somewhat stronger skin irritation; while the L-3 fibre, which contained 11.1% filaments thicker than 3 microns, was the strongest irritant. A few cases of allergy to nickel, chromium and colophony (rosin) were also detected.
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PMID:Occupational ceramic fibres dermatitis in Poland. 1097 32

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in hand dermatitis (HD) was studied by patch testing (PT) 105 consecutive adult HD patients and 361 cases of suspected non-hand allergic contact dermatitis (NHD). The suspected offending agents were also investigated by a questionnaire. Age and sex distribution was no different between the 2 groups. The total positivity rate of PT in the HD group was much lower than in the control group (46.7% versus 63.2%, p < 0.01, chi2-test). The most common allergens in HD were rubber mix(17.1%), p-phenylenediamine (PPD) (14.3%), fragrance mix (9.5%), nickel (9.5%), colophonium (6.7%) and potassium dichromate (2.9%), while those in the control group, in sequence, were nickel (20.5%), rubber mix (16.9%), PPD (14.1%), fragrance mix (12.7%), potassium dichromate (5.5%) and colophonium (5.0%). The positivity rate to nickel was lower in the HD group (9.5% versus 20.5%, p < 0.05, chi2-test), while there was no significant difference for the other allergens. HD was divided arbitrarily into 5 groups: (1) vesicular form, in which fine papules and vesicles can be detected. 65.7% of the HD was vesicular form and 55.1% of them were PT positive; (2) fissured form, in which dry skin with fine fissures or desquamation is seen. 8.6% of the HD was fissured form and 30% of them were PT positive; (3) hyperkeratotic form, in which the lesions are thick, hyperkeratotic plaques - 6.7% of the HD was this form and no positive reaction was found; (4) hand and foot dermatitis (HFD) - 12.4% of HD was HFD and 53.8% of them were PT positive; (5) pompholyx - 6.7% of the patients had pompholyx and one positive result to nickel was detected. The suspected offending agents were reported in only 13 (12.4%) patients. These results suggest that CHS is less common in HD than in NHD and that other factors, such as skin irritation, may play more of a role in HD. Nickel allergy is less common in HD than in NHD. CHS may play a role in more than 1/2 of vesicular form HD, HFD and in some fissured HD also, but is less common in hyperkeratotic HD and pompholyx. Only a small proportion of the HD patients could report the suspected offending agents and PT should be performed in all patients with chronic HD.
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PMID:Contact hypersensitivity in hand dermatitis. 1249 18

Even in the twenty-first century, welding is still a common and a highly skilled occupation. The hazardous agents associated with welding processes are acetylene, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, phosgene, tungsten, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silver, tin, and zinc. All welding processes involve the potential hazards for inhalation exposures that may lead to acute or chronic respiratory diseases. According to literature described earlier it has been suggested that welding fumes cause the lung function impairment, obstructive and restrictive lung disease, cough, dyspnea, rhinitis, asthma, pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis, carcinoma of the lungs. In addition, welding workers suffer from eye irritation, photokeratitis, cataract, skin irritation, erythema, pterygium, non-melanocytic skin cancer, malignant melanoma, reduced sperm count, motility and infertility. Most of the studies have been attempted previously to evaluate the effects of welding fumes. However, no collectively effort illuminating the general effects of welding fumes on different organs or systems or both in human has not been published. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather the potential toxic effects of welding fumes documented by individual efforts and provide informations to community on hazards of welding.
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PMID:Health hazards of welding fumes. 1464 49

Approximately 10% of the population in the USA suffer from nickel allergy, and many are unable to wear jewellery or handle coins and other objects that contain nickel. Many agents have been developed to reduce the penetration of nickel through skin, but few formulations are safe and effective. Here, we show that applying a thin layer of glycerine emollient containing nanoparticles of either calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate on an isolated piece of pig skin (in vitro) and on the skin of mice (in vivo) prevents the penetration of nickel ions into the skin. The nanoparticles capture nickel ions by cation exchange, and remain on the surface of the skin, allowing them to be removed by simple washing with water. Approximately 11-fold fewer nanoparticles by mass are required to achieve the same efficacy as the chelating agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Using nanoparticles with diameters smaller than 500 nm in topical creams may be an effective way to limit the exposure to metal ions that can cause skin irritation.
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PMID:Nanoparticles reduce nickel allergy by capturing metal ions. 2189 78

Metal workers in urban Kano constitute a major workforce with a considerable population. The present work was aimed at obtaining baseline data on the extent of metal ion concentration in body fluids (urine and blood) of sampled population in the area. The investigation involves interaction with sampled population as well as blood and urine sample collection for heavy metals analysis. The health problems associated with the practice identified by respondents include: metal fume fever; eye and skin irritation; dizziness and respiratory problems; lack of or inadequate protective devices during activity were also reported. Laboratory investigation of urine samples by Atomic absorption spectrophotometry indicated higher concentrations for Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni); in blood samples, there were higher concentrations of Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni). Metal workers of urban Kano are at risk because of the concentration of Mn and Pb in particular. There is the need to monitor occupational activities that are responsible for pollution and with serious health risk.
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PMID:Evaluation of some heavy metals concentration in body fluids of metal workers in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. 2895 27