Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0152030 (skin irritation)
 2,146 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The anti-inflammatory properties of topical ocular dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated using a standard experimental model of an acute inflammatory ocular inflammation. Ninety percent and 100% DMSO aggravated the inflammatory response, 50% to 70% DMSO had similar responses as the control eye; however, 30% DMSO had definite anti-inflammatory properties. Dexamethasone 0.1% was superior to 30% DMSO as an anti-inflammatory agent. From this study it is evident that high concentrations of DMSO are irritating to the inflammatory ocular model used while lower concentrations have anti-inflammatory properties. The two side effects of skin irritation at the site of application and breath odor may be the subjective influence that leads certain patients to report a beneficial effect of DMSO treatment in ocular inflammation.
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PMID:Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on ocular inflammation. 31 30

Eighteen potential penetration enhancers, some at concentrations that might be used for that purpose, have been examined to evaluate their irritancy potential on nude mouse skin. A biopsy technique was employed followed by histological examination. Up to 50% glycerol, 10% hydroxyethyl lactamide (HELA), 10% oleyl alcohol, 10% Solketal, 10% glycofurol, 100% tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) and 10% urea induced no discernible change in the histological appearance of the skin whereas 100% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), 100% dimethyl formamide (DMF), 100% N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 10% Azone, 10% oleic acid, 10% methyl laurate, 10% benzyl alcohol and 10% glycerol formal caused severe skin irritation.
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PMID:Topical application of penetration enhancers to the skin of nude mice: a histopathological study. 256 19

Accidental subcutaneous extravasation of several antineoplastic agents may provoke skin ulcerations for which there has been no simple and effective treatment. Since January 1983 we have treated all patients in our institution sustaining extravasation by a cytotoxic drug with a combination of DMSO and alpha-Tocopherole. During the first 48 hr after extravasation a mixture of 10% alpha-Tocopherole acetate and 90% DMSO was topically applied. The bandage was changed every 12 hr. So far eight patients with extravasation of an anthracycline or Mitomycin were treated on this protocol. No skin ulceration, functional or neurovascular impairment occurred in any of these patients. The only toxic effect observed by this treatment was a minor skin irritation. The combination of DMSO and alpha-Tocopherole seems to prevent skin ulceration induced by anthracyclines and Mitomycin.
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PMID:Prevention of cytotoxic drug induced skin ulcers with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and alpha-tocopherole. 359 92

In order to develop topical drugs aside from galenic problems, there should be considerations how the skin could be made permeable. For the purpose of receiving an topical basis which favours penetration, ingredients known as auxiliary agents are used, which themselves have an effect on the horny layer and therefore impair the barrier function. The horny layer is irritated to a varying extent due to the chemical and physical properties of such substances. While the concentration of the active ingredients in the epidermis is improved, the irritation of the horny layer must be accepted. When using corticoids this fact may be misconstrued for lacking efficacy. Although auxiliary agents like polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, o/w emulsifiers, alcohols or acetone show various effects on the horny layer, they all cause dehydration. Experimental data show that for propylene glycol this is clearly concentration related. Other only rarely used solvents like DMSO or dimethyl acetamide have properties directly altering the structure of the horny layer. Even topically applied ingredients only partially show the desired direct or indirect irritative effect on the horny layer. This is true for substances reacting directly with keratin as well as for substances which exhibit cytostatic or cytotoxic effects on the epidermis and for substances that lead to skin irritation. A risk/benefit evaluation is under discussion.
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PMID:Skin irritation by topical drugs. 687 67

The effects of zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and sodium pyrithione (NaPT), including the influence of various vehicles, upon whole blood and plasma zinc levels and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) have been investigated in rabbits following dermal and/or iv administration. Two such vehicles, ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) and triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, affected zinc homeostasis differently than the pyrithiones, in that, unlike the pyrithiones, no whole blood changes were observed, although there were delayed and sustained declines in plasma zinc and SAP values. These changes were most likely related to the skin irritation caused by the surfactants. In contrast, NaPT-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dermal and iv exposures produced rapid decreases in plasma zinc followed by quick recovery, coupled with smaller and unsustained declines in SAP. Large increases in whole blood zinc were also observed in both cases, as well as in a ZnPT-DMSO iv exposure. DMSO itself had no effects on the measured parameters. Experiments involving combinations of the pyrithiones and ALS demonstrated effects on zinc homeostasis that were attributable to both substances, i.e. large increases in whole blood zinc (PT effect), quick drops in plasma zinc (PT effect) and slowly recovering plasma zinc and SAP values (surfactant effect). The chelating nature of the PT molecule may have been responsible for some of the observed changes in zinc distribution.
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PMID:Effects of pyrithiones and surfactants on zinc and enzyme levels in rabbits. 739 40

Adverse skin reactions cover many types of response: toxic, irritant, allergic, urticarial, sensory, etc. The relationships between an individual's tendency to develop different types of skin response are not well-described. We examined whether those who perceive stinging might be more likely to experience urticarial, sensory and irritation reactions in skin. A panel of 86 volunteers was tested with 10% lactic acid in the nasolabial fold to assess their ability to perceive stinging. At the same time, their capacity to develop non-immunologic contact urticaria was evaluated using chemicals of different structural type and urticant ability: methyl nicotinate, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO was also used to assess sensory effects and skin irritation. 44 were classes as "stingers" and 42 as "non-stingers". The pattern of urticant reactivity in the stingers and non-stingers was essentially the same, with neat DMSO generating the strongest reactions in both groups. Sensory reactions to DMSO (stinging, itching, tingling or burning) were similar in stingers and non-stingers; although the former may have reacted more quickly, a smaller proportion reacted (64% versus 76%). The skin irritation response to DMSO was also identical in stingers and non-stingers and the intensity of the urticant response in an individual did not correlate with the intensity of their subsequent irritant reaction. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that an individual's ability to perceive skin stinging does not give a general indication of their susceptibility to other types of non-immunologic skin response. Indeed, there appeared to be little evidence of correlations between any of the skin effects studied.
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PMID:Susceptibility to skin stinging, non-immunologic contact urticaria and acute skin irritation; is there a relationship? 950 21

It was found from experiments in animals that HFMC hydrogel compound injected into the vas-deferens becomes a hydrogen molecule-releasing sediment, which changes the PH balance inside the vas deferens and can kill the sperm and achieve contraception. HFMC hydrogel can either dissolve in time or through an injection of DMSO solution, and fertility will resume subsequently. For the purpose of further developing HFMC hydrogel into a safe and effective contraceptive method, biological compatibility tests were conducted on mice, rats, and rabbits in the Occupation Disease Research Institute, Sichuan Province, China. No deaths or abnormal effects were found in toxicological tests, which suggested that the in vivo and in vitro administration of HFMC hydrogel is safe; the cell growth was found to be associated with the concentration of the compound. Injection of the compound caused local skin irritation without affecting the blood cell count. The skin irritation gradually recovered as the compound dissolved. The pathological observations on rats and rabbits showed no abnormal changes in the reproductive organs, and no damage of vas deferens was observed from micrography and electron micrography. The micronucleus rate of the polychromatic erythrocyte in the bone marrow of mice was not increased. The results of the investigation showed that HFMC hydrogel is a possible male contraceptive method. No abnormality or mutation was induced during the observation period of the study. Further studies on chronic toxicological effects and secondary toxicological effects need to be done. Other methods for studying its safety should also be explored.
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PMID:[Male contraceptive -- the biological compatibility evaluation of hydrogel HFMC]. 1228 93

The influence of skin permeation enhancers, such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and 1-[2-(decylthio)ethyl]azacyclopentan-2-one (HPE-101), Labrafac CC, Labrafil, Labrasol and Transcutol in a concentration of 10% (wt./wt.) on the formation of porphyrins in normal mouse skin from topical application of creams with methyl 5-aminolevulinate (MAL) was studied. The concentration of porphyrins in the mouse skin was determined by direct fluorescence measurements. The results show that studied permeation enhancers increase the formation of porphyrins, and therefore also the skin penetration 2% MAL whereas for 10% and 20% (wt./wt.) MAL concentrations only DMSO, HPE-101 and Labrafac CC increased the porphyrin formation. At all studied MAL concentrations DMSO gave the largest enhancing effect, similarly to that of HPE-101. This suggests that in 2-20% MAL creams HPE-101 may be substituted by Labrafac CC to reduce skin irritation induced by HPE-101 without impairing the porphyrin formation.
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PMID:The effect of skin permeation enhancers on the formation of porphyrins in mouse skin during topical application of the methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. 1644 8

Basic Blue 99 is a direct, nonoxidative hair colorant used in temporary and semipermanent hair dyes. According to current reported usage data, Basic Blue 99 is used at concentrations from 0.004% to 2% and the most often reported use is in hair tints. Hair dyes containing Basic Blue 99, as "coal tar" hair dye products, are exempt from the principal adulteration provision and from the color additive provision of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 when the label bears a caution statement and "patch test" instructions for determining whether the product causes skin irritation. Preliminary testing on or by individuals should be done using an open patch test that is evaluated at 48 h after application of the test material. Users, therefore, would be able to determine their individual reactions to hair dye products containing Basic Blue 99. Basic Blue 99 dye is approximately 60% to 63% dye, whereas the remainder of the mixture is composed of sugar ( approximately 25.7%), volatile matter/water crystallization ( approximately 1.8%), and inorganic salts (bringing the mixture to 100%). The dermal absorption of Basic Blue 99 is low in both rats and humans. The LD(50) values of Basic Blue 99 in mice and rats were 2.7 g/kg and between 1.0 g/kg and greater than 2.0 g/kg, respectively. Mice and rats orally administered Basic Blue 99 for 90 days did not show any indications of cumulative toxicity. Discoloration of organs involved in the elimination of Basic Blue 99 from the animals was noted in both test species. In rabbits, Basic Blue 99 did not cause ocular irritation, but some discoloration was noted. Basic Blue 99 caused minimal dermal irritation in rabbits. Sensitization occurred in animals exposed to Basic Blue 99 in a DMSO vehicle, but not in a water vehicle in guinea pigs and mice. Basic Blue 99 administered by gavage did not cause developmental toxicity in rats. Basic Blue 99 was a weak mutagen with and without metabolic activation in the Ames test, producing both reverse and frameshift mutations, but did not induce mutations in Escherichia coli or in any mammalian cells tested. In a modified repeated-insult patch test (RIPT), no volunteers had any reaction to Basic Blue 99 after a 1-h occlusive challenge. Case reports have documented positive patch test results to 1% Basic Blue 99 in three patients. A current review of the hair dye epidemiology literature identified that use of direct hair dyes, although not the focus in all investigations, appears to have little evidence of an association with cancer or other adverse events. The Panel recognizes that hair dye epidemiology studies do not address the safety of individual hair dyes. Based on the available safety test data on Basic Blue 99, however, the Panel determined that this ingredient would not likely have carcinogenic potential as used in hair dyes. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that Basic Blue 99 is safe as a hair dye ingredient in the practice of use and concentration as described in this safety assessment.
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PMID:Final report on the safety assessment of Basic Blue 99. 1761 31

Skin irritation is generally not considered to be an immunological event; however, alterations in the density of Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis do occur, which is indicative of LC migration. In this study, we investigated the migration of LC out of the epidermis after skin exposure to contact irritants and identified the chemokines involved. With the aid of ex vivo-intact human skin and epidermal sheets we show that dermal fibroblasts play a role in mediating LC migration towards the dermis. Exposure of ex vivo-intact human skin to a panel of seven irritants (SDS, salicylic acid, phenol, isopropanol, DMSO, TritonX, or benzalkonium chloride) resulted in decreased numbers of CD1a(+) cells in the epidermis and the accumulation of CD1a(+) cells in the dermis. In contrast to allergen exposure, neutralizing antibodies to either CXCL12 or CCL19/CCL21 did not inhibit LC migration out of the epidermis. Exposure of epidermal sheets to the prototypical irritant SDS resulted in a TNF-alpha-dependent LC migration towards dermal fibroblasts. This was a result of CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL5/RANTES chemokine secretion by fibroblasts: injection of CCL2- and CCL5-neutralizing antibodies into intact human skin totally inhibited LC migration into the dermis. We have thus identified a novel role for TNF-alpha-inducible dermis-derived CCL2 and CCL5 in initiating migration of irritant-exposed human LC out of the epidermis.
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PMID:Epidermis-to-dermis migration of immature Langerhans cells upon topical irritant exposure is dependent on CCL2 and CCL5. 2043 37


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