Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0152030 (skin irritation)
 2,146 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We present a case of unusual chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity in a patient who had undergone radical cystoprostatectomy and ileal conduit diversion for invasive bladder cancer. On routine computed tomography scan several years later, he was diagnosed with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma involving the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The patient received systemic chemotherapy, including a combination of paclitaxel (Taxol) and gemcitabine (Gemzar). During this treatment, the patient developed spasmodic pain and dysesthesia in the stoma area, with no apparent skin irritation or any other local finding. These symptoms resolved about 3 months after completion of the therapy.
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PMID:Paclitaxel-induced stomal neuropathy: a unique cause of pain in a patient with ileal conduit. 1111 64

Individuals with unilateral trans-femoral amputations due to non-vascular causes were studied in a mailed survey designed to investigate health-related quality of life (HRQL), prosthetic use and problems. The Swedish SF-36 Health Survey and a structured questionnaire designed for trans-femoral amputees were used. The series consisted of 97 subjects (60 men, 37 women), aged 20 to 69 years with a mean of 22 years since the amputation. Trauma was the cause of amputation in 55%, tumour in 35% and other causes in 10%. Ninety-two (92) subjects (95%) had a prosthesis and 80 (82%) used it daily. General HRQL was significantly lower than Swedish age- and gender-matched norms in all dimensions as measured by SF-36. Most frequently reported problems that had led to reduction in quality of life were heat/sweating in the prosthetic socket (72%), sores/skin irritation from the socket (62%), inability to walk in woods and fields (61%) and inability to walk quickly (59%). Close to half were troubled by stump pain (51%), phantom limb pain (48%), back pain (47%) and pain in the other leg (46%). One fourth considered themselves to have a poor or extremely poor overall situation. Transfemoral amputation, due to non-vascular causes, has an evident impact on quality of life and there are considerable problems related to the amputation and the prosthesis. Efforts to improve the physical and the psychological well-being for this group, with a long life expectancy, are needed.
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PMID:Consequences of non-vascular trans-femoral amputation: a survey of quality of life, prosthetic use and problems. 1186 92

Ted is a 38 year old service technician for a large chemical company servicing cooling towers at a car manufacturing plant. While blending a batch of chemicals, he accidentally splashed cooling tower fluid, Kathon, an isothiazolin-3 derivative, over his left forearm. He was wearing long sleeved overalls and safety glasses at the time. About 15 minutes later, Ted experienced some itchiness of his forearm and proceeded to wash the area. He did not change his uniform. Five hours later he experienced severe pain of the forearm. Inspection revealed a 5 cm dermal burn with obvious blistering over the left forearm. He sought medical treatment and was treated conservatively with routine burn dressings. The skin blistering healed after seven days. Ted returned to work undertaking full duties. When undertaking mixing of cooling tower chemicals he developed an itchy rash of the forearms that appeared to be spreading to his hand and shoulder areas. This skin irritation occurred even when there was no contact with cooling tower fluids.
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PMID:Contact dermatitis. 1193 83

This paper reports the first clinical safety study of human tolerance of electrical sensation using non-invasive, flexible surface-type electrodes and exponentially decaying electric pulses. The study evaluated the effect of electric fields in the absence of a drug and an anesthetic, and was performed in light of potential applications in the field of erectile dysfunction (ED). Twenty impotent patients who had previously received injection or intraurethral therapies were enrolled in the study. Voltage escalations from 50 to 80 V (in 10-V increments) with a single pulse of 3-ms duration were performed with meander-type electrodes placed on the shaft and part of the glans of the penis. The electric fields-induced sensation was assessed via a pain scale from 0 to 10. All 20 patients, who were free to withdraw from the study at any point, completed the voltage escalation study. No clinical safety concerns were apparent and no skin irritation was observed after electric treatment. Our initial study indicates that the pulses in the tested voltage range were well tolerated by most patients. In previous animal experiments under analogous experimental conditions, the application of 50 V has been found effective for transdermal drug delivery into the penis.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of safety and human tolerance of electrical sensation induced by electric fields with non-invasive electrodes. 1200 82

More work has been done to develop alternatives to animal use in the areas of eye and skin irritation than in any area other than carcinogenicity. There has long been a belief both in the scientific community and among the public that the development of nonanimal tests in these areas should be simple and straightforward. After more than 20 yr of research, we can identify materials corrosive to the skin without using animals, but the assessment of irritation using in vitro methods alone is still an illusive goal. This review of current recommendations and industry practices that reduce the number of animals needed for these two tests concludes that animal use for skin irritation testing is not necessary today, with currently available and accepted methodology, except for regulatory reasons. Scientifically sound improvements in current eye irritation methods are also available. Advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of eye irritation that have been made in the last 5 yr should lead to improved in vitro methods for this endpoint. In the meantime, changes should be made in the current animal protocol to reduce pain and distress. This paper provides an overview of the progress that has been made toward discontinuing the use of animals in tests to determine the potential of materials to cause skin or eye damage after a single acute exposure. It also discusses some additional changes that could be made now to reduce animal use further or to reduce pain and distress in the testing that must still be done until such time as we can meet the ultimate goal--validated and accepted nonanimal methods for these endpoints.
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PMID:Tiered testing strategies--acute local toxicity. 1238 47

The purpose of this communications is to 1) demonstrate the potential of percutaneous drug-delivery on the example of female reproductive steroids, 2) point out the differences between transdermal and conventional drug dosing, and 3) outline new technologies and innovations that are looming on the horizon, specifically in the area of pain control. Transdermal delivery systems are of two basic types. The first ones employ principles of passive diffusion, and they are used for hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and contraception. Patches for HRT, designed to release estradiol (E2) only, require a simultaneous dosing with oral progestogens. Patches employing both E2 and a progestogen release the combination either continuously or sequentially. In the latter method, estrogen-only patches are applied for 14 days, followed by a 14-day application of patches releasing both hormones. Both methods successfully cope with symptoms and signs of menopause, including bone loss. Contraceptive transdermal patches deliver ethinylestradiol in combination with the progestogen norelgestromin. This system provides high contraceptive protection with predictable withdrawal bleeding and without major adverse events and weight changes. Hormones delivered by the skin avoid first-pass liver metabolism. Other advantages include rapid onset and termination of action, self-administration, and attainment of therapeutic hormone levels with low daily doses. A disadvantage is the variable intra- and inter-individual percutaneous absorption. In some patients, patches can cause skin irritation. Active systems deliver therapeutics across intact skin non-invasively by means of an electric potential (electrotransport). A system consisting of tooth-like titanium microprojections that penetrate only the keratinized epidermis facilitates painless and needle-free transport of complex molecules to the capillaries of the dermis. Other devices use low frequency ultrasound. These systems enable precise dosage, delivery of large molecules, such as growth hormone and vaccines, and dosing of analgesics "on demand". Novel transdermal technologies are profoundly changing the current methods of pain management. (Fig. 6, Ref. 47.).
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PMID:Optimizing delivery of therapeutics: percutaneous technologies. 1241 1

Until December 2001 84 midclavicular fractures in 80 patients were treated with intramedullary nailing. Postoperatively there was a significant decrease of pain and a significant increase of mobility compared to the situation preoperatively. 6 months after hardware removal the mean Constant-Score was 97.4 points. There was one none union. In one patient there was a loss of reduction with shortening of 1.5 cm. In 5 patients a shortening of the proximal end of the nail had to be performed, due to painful skin irritation. Intramedullary nailing of midclavicular fractures is a safe and minimally invasive operation technique. It should be offered to the patient as an alternative to conservative treatment.
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PMID:[Minimal invasive biological osteosynthesis of the clavicle with a titanium nail]. 1270

The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of patients presenting with venous leg ulceration who were labelled as 'non-compliant' with compression bandaging by district nurses. A hermeneutic approach was taken and 14 patients with chronic venous leg ulceration were interviewed. Six themes emerged from the data: (1) lay perceptions of the cause and healing of leg ulceration, (2) concurrent problems of leg ulceration, (3) dilemmas of treatment, (4) perceptions of healthcare professionals, (5) the need for health education, (6) what it is like living with a leg ulcer. Patients did not have a clear understanding of their condition or treatment regimes. Concurrent problems associated with compression bandaging included pain, leakage of exudate and skin irritation, and these symptoms adversely affected patients' lifestyles and contributed to 'non-compliance'. Patients acknowledged that acceptable care was given in the community. However, they said that healthcare professionals misunderstood how their physical and psychological problems affected them, which in turn led to disagreements and disempowerment. Finally, it was apparent that patients were lacking in information relating to their condition and treatment. This study identified that many aspects of patients' perceptions of their condition and treatments influenced their ability to tolerate compression bandages. Non-compliance is a multivariant concept in which both physical and psychological determinants play a key role. Nurses need to gain a clear understanding of patients' concurrent physical problems and perceptions of their health beliefs.
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PMID:Why patients do not comply with compression bandaging. 1282 74

Burns associated with chemical disinfectants for skin preparation are rare. Skin irritation and maceration associated with pressure factors may contribute to its occurrence. We report a 24-year-old female with thyroid tumor who was admitted for subtotal thyroidectomy. After anesthetic induction, the patient was placed in the supine position with the trunk elevated to 20 degree. The skin over the anterior neck was sterilized with 10% Povidone-iodine (PI) alcohol solution. After a 3-hour surgery, the patient complained of burning pain over the back at the recovery room. Physical examination revealed a 9 x 11 cm area of skin lesion partially thickened amid on the middle of the back suggestive of chemical burn. After conservative treatment, she was discharged uneventfully 4 days later. Upon follow-up, the wound was seen to heal with minimal scarring within 3 weeks.
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PMID:Chemical burn caused by povidone-iodine alcohol solution--a case report. 1293 25

Salicylic Acid is an aromatic acid used in cosmetic formulations as a denaturant, hair-conditioning agent, and skin-conditioning agent--miscellaneous in a wide range of cosmetic products at concentrations ranging from 0.0008% to 3%. The Calcium, Magnesium, and MEA salts are preservatives, and Potassium Salicylate is a cosmetic biocide and preservative, not currently in use. Sodium Salicylate is used as a denaturant and preservative (0.09% to 2%). The TEA salt of Salicylic Acid is used as an ultraviolet (UV) light absorber (0.0001% to 0.75%). Several Salicylic Acid esters are used as skin conditioning agents--miscellaneous (Capryloyl, 0.1% to 1%; C12-15 Alkyl, no current use; Isocetyl, 3% to 5%; Isodecyl, no current use; and Tridecyl, no current use). Butyloctyl Salicylate (0.5% to 5%) and Hexyldodecyl Salicylate (no current use) are hair-conditioning agents and skin-conditioning agents--miscellaneous. Ethylhexyl Salicylate (formerly known as Octyl Salicylate) is used as a fragrance ingredient, sunscreen agent, and UV light absorber (0.001% to 8%), and Methyl Salicylate is used as a denaturant and flavoring agent (0.0001% to 0.6%). Myristyl Salicylate has no reported function. Isodecyl Salicylate is used in three formulations, but no concentration of use information was reported. Salicylates are absorbed percutaneously. Around 10% of applied salicylates can remain in the skin. Salicylic Acid is reported to enhance percutaneous penetration of some agents (e.g., vitamin A), but not others (e.g., hydrocortisone). Little acute toxicity (LD(50) in rats; >2 g/kg) via a dermal exposure route is seen for Salicylic Acid, Methyl Salicylate, Tridecyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate. Short-term oral, inhalation, and parenteral exposures to salicylates sufficient to produce high blood concentrations are associated primarily with liver and kidney damage. Subchronic dermal exposures to undiluted Methyl Salicylate were associated with kidney damage. Chronic oral exposure to Methyl Salicylate produced bone lesions as a function of the level of exposure in 2-year rat studies; liver damage was seen in dogs exposed to 0.15 g/kg/day in one study; kidney and liver weight increases in another study at the same exposure; but no liver or kidney abnormalities in a study at 0.167 g/kg/day. Applications of Isodecyl, Tridecyl, and Butyloctyl Salicylate were not irritating to rabbit skin, whereas undiluted Ethylhexyl Salicylate produced minimal to mild irritation. Methyl Salicylate at a 1% concentration with a 70% ethanol vehicle were irritating, whereas a 6% concentration in polyethylene glycol produced little or no irritation. Isodecyl Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Ethylhexyl (Octyl) Salicylate, Tridecyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate were not ocular irritants. Although Salicylic Acid at a concentration of 20% in acetone was positive in the local lymph node assay, a concentration of 20% in acetone/olive oil was not. Methyl Salicylate was negative at concentrations up to 25% in this assay, independent of vehicle. Maximization tests of Methyl Salicylate, Ethylhexyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate produced no sensitization in guinea pigs. Neither Salicylic Acid nor Tridecyl Salicylate were photosensitizers. Salicylic Acid, produced when aspirin is rapidly hydrolyzed after absorption from the gut, was reported to be the causative agent in aspirin teratogenesis in animals. Dermal exposures to Methyl Salicylate, oral exposures to Salicylic Acid, Sodium Salicylate, and Methyl Salicylate, and parenteral exposures to Salicylic Acid, Sodium Salicylate, and Methyl Salicylate are all associated with reproductive and developmental toxicity as a function of blood levels reached as a result of exposure. An exposure assessment of a representative cosmetic product used on a daily basis estimated that the exposure from the cosmetic product would be only 20% of the level seen with ingestion of a "baby" aspirin (81 mg) on a daily basis. Studies of the genotoxic potential of Salicylic Acid, Sodium Salicylate, Isodecyl Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, cosmetic product would be only 20% of the level seen with ingestion of a "baby" aspirin (81 mg) on a daily basis. Studies of the genotoxic potential of Salicylic Acid, Sodium Salicylate, Isodecyl Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Ethylhexyl (Octyl) Salicylate, Tridecyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate were generally negative. Methyl Salicylate, in a mouse skin-painting study, did not induce neoplasms. Likewise, Methyl Salicylate was negative in a mouse pulmonary tumor system. In clinical tests, Salicylic Acid (2%) produced minimal cumulative irritation and slight or no irritation(1.5%); TEA-Salicylate (8%) produced no irritation; Methyl Salicylate (>12%) produced pain and erythema, a 1% aerosol produced erythema, but an 8% solution was not irritating; Ethylhexyl Salicylate (4%) and undiluted Tridecyl Salicylate produced no irritation. In atopic patients, Methyl Salicylate caused irritation as a function of concentration (no irritation at concentrations of 15% or less). In normal skin, Salicylic Acid, Methyl Salicylate, and Ethylhexyl (Octyl) Salicylate are not sensitizers. Salicylic Acid is not a photosensitizer, nor is it phototoxic. Salicylic Acid and Ethylhexyl Salicylate are low-level photoprotective agents. Salicylic Acid is well-documented to have keratolytic action on normal human skin. Because of the possible use of these ingredients as exfoliating agents, a concern exists that repeated use may effectively increase exposure of the dermis and epidermis to UV radiation. It was concluded that the prudent course of action would be to advise the cosmetics industry that there is a risk of increased UV radiation damage with the use of any exfoliant, including Salicylic Acid and the listed salicylates, and that steps need to be taken to formulate cosmetic products with these ingredients as exfoliating agents so as not to increase sun sensitivity, or when increased sun sensitivity would be expected, to include directions for the daily use of sun protection. The available data were not sufficient to establish a limit on concentration of these ingredients, or to identify the minimum pH of formulations containing these ingredients, such that no skin irritation would occur, but it was recognized that it is possible to formulate cosmetic products in a way such that significant irritation would not be likely, and it was concluded that the cosmetics industry should formulate products containing these ingredients so as to be nonirritating. Although simultaneous use of several products containing Salicylic Acid could produce exposures greater than would be seen with use of baby aspirin (an exposure generally considered to not present a reproductive or developmental toxicity risk), it was not considered likely that consumers would simultaneously use multiple cosmetic products containing Salicylic Acid. Based on the available information, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reached the conclusion that these ingredients are safe as used when formulated to avoid skin irritation and when formulated to avoid increasing the skin's sun sensitivity, or, when increased sun sensitivity would be expected, directions for use include the daily use of sun protection.
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PMID:Safety assessment of Salicylic Acid, Butyloctyl Salicylate, Calcium Salicylate, C12-15 Alkyl Salicylate, Capryloyl Salicylic Acid, Hexyldodecyl Salicylate, Isocetyl Salicylate, Isodecyl Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate, MEA-Salicylate, Ethylhexyl Salicylate, Potassium Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Myristyl Salicylate, Sodium Salicylate, TEA-Salicylate, and Tridecyl Salicylate. 1461 32


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