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Query: UMLS:C0151744 (myocardial ischemia)
 31,282 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four classes of etiologic agents that cause human illness have been discovered. Sometimes members of two or more classes of agents cooperate to cause illness. Knowledge of etiology is necessary if a disease is to be eradicated. The leading causes of death in the United States have changed dramatically in the last century. Infection has been replaced by chronic illnesses of obscure etiology. Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in middle age and is the major obstacle to becoming old. There are numerous similarities between animals deficient in copper and people with ischemic heart disease. The most important of these similarities are glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia, abnormal electrocardiogram, hyperuricemia, and hypertension, as these characteristics are predictive of risk of ischemic heart disease. No other nutritional insult has produced these characteristics in experiments with animals; men fed diets low in copper have been found to have increased cholesterol, decreased glucose tolerance, and abnormal electrocardiograms. The process that results in ischemic heart disease is remarkably similar to that of copper deficiency. Links have been found between copper metabolism and several hypotheses on the origin of ischemic heart disease. Several aspects of the lipid hypothesis can be interpreted in terms of copper metabolism. More features of the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease can be explained in terms of copper deficiency than can be explained by any other environmental insult.
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PMID:Ischemic heart disease. A major obstacle to becoming old. 358 Oct 19

Signs of copper depletion were produced in a healthy man by an amount of dietary copper (0.83 mg/day) similar to that in some contemporary diets. Urinary and fecal loss of copper exceeded intake. Plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, and superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes decreased. Cholesterol in plasma increased, and hematologic indices were unchanged. Lipid metabolism may be a more sensitive index of copper nutriture than are changes in hematology. The findings support the hypothesis that inadequate copper nutriture or altered copper metabolism contributes to the occurrence of ischemic heart disease.
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PMID:Increased cholesterol in plasma in a young man during experimental copper depletion. 650 10

Myocardial infarction is accompanied by changes in serum divalent cation concentrations. The effects of these changes on the electrical activity of the heart have not been fully determined. In six mongrel dogs, major coronary arteries were catheterized and occluded with metal beads; in five dogs the arteries were catheterized, but left patent. Serum magnesium concentrations ([Mg++]), zinc concentrations ([ZN++1]), copper concentrations ([Cu++]), calcium concentrations ([Ca++]), and ECGs were monitored in each dog at one, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Only dogs with coronary artery occlusion had ST segment changes (1.9 +/- 0.4 mm) in chest lead V4. Serum [Mg++] and [Zn++] decreased (approximately 20%) only after coronary artery occlusion and only at 24 hours after the procedure. Runs of ventricular tachycardia and premature beats were prevalent at this time. Serum [Cu++] was different in that it increased (approximately 30%) at 48 and 72 hours in the dogs with and without coronary artery occlusion. No changes were observed in serum [Ca++]. Decreases in serum [Mg++] and Zn++] coincided with the periods of dysrhythmia in the ischemic hearts. Elevation of serum [Cu++] was not specifically associated with myocardial ischemia and, within these physiologic limits, it appeared to be without effect on cardiac electrical activity.
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PMID:Correlation between divalent cation concentration and electrocardiogram in canine myocardial infarction. 664 19

Copper metabolism is important in the etiology of ischemic heart disease according to a new hypothesis. Hypercholesterolemic people may be more likely to be malnourished in copper than normocholesterolemic people. Clofibrate was fed to rats as a component of a diet that produces copper deficiency. Rats fed clofibrate had 20 to 29% (P less than 0.003) lower concentration of cholesterol in blood plasma and higher copper in liver (47 to 78%, P less than 0.025) and plasma (19 to 25%, P less than 0.03). The experiments are a successful test of the hypotheses that clofibrate is active in animals malnourished in copper and that the change in cholesterol metabolism induced by clofibrate may be the result of a change in copper metabolism. Clofibrate is a member of a class of cholesterotropic and cuprotropic chemicals.
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PMID:Clofibrate hypocholesterolemia associated with increased hepatic copper. 667 50

We examined sera from 159 patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension and from 50 apparently healthy control subjects for content of trace elements, cholesterol, triglyceride, and enzymes. Concentrations of copper, cobalt, cholesterol, and triglyceride were increased in all patients, but calcium was decreased in patients with hypertension, acute myocardial ischemia, and acute myocardial infarction. Also accompanying acute myocardial infarction were decreased concentrations of zinc and iron but increases in nickel, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Magnesium concentration was lower in patients with acute myocardial ischemia. In acute myocardial infarction, the concentrations of copper, zinc, and iron were higher after 21-30 h (as compared with the values at 0-10 h), by which time concentrations of calcium, magnesium, cobalt, and alanine aminotransferase had decreased. The variation in concentration of trace elements in serum from cases of ischemic heart disease and hypertension corresponds to the severity of the disorder.
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PMID:Trace elements in serum from Pakistani patients with acute and chronic ischemic heart disease and hypertension. 671 25

The zinc/copper hypothesis, which invokes relative or absolute deficiency of copper in the etiology of ischemic heart disease, was described. The belief that calcium (and, perhaps, magnesium) is a substance in hard water which protects against ischemic heart disease by altering copper and zinc metabolism was presented. The amounts of copper and zinc in drinking water usually are too small to produce important increases in the amounts of these elements in diets. Occasionally tap water high in copper may be an important supplement to a diet low in copper.
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PMID:The influence of copper and zinc on the occurrence of ischemic heart disease. 700 58

Because of excessive reliance on the method of ecological correlation, in which the units of study are entire communities, there have been few agreed conclusions concerning the relation between mineral quality of water and health. However, in recent years there have been attempts to relate water exposure to health outcome in statistical series of individual subjects. Studies in Kitchener, Ontario and Regina, Saskatchewan found that households having domestic water softeners experience lower death rates than others. Kitchener data clearly implied an association between copper piping and mortality rate but this was not confirmed in Regina. Comparison of myocardial tissue between residents of soft and hard water areas has confirmed that insufficient magnesium intake is a likely cause of higher mortality in soft water areas. Within the 'normal' range of myocardial magnesium concentration the risk of IHD death appears to vary by at least one and possibility two orders of magnitude.
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PMID:Development of the 'Water Story': some recent Canadian studies. 700 63

Abnormalities of the ECG were induced in rats by a diet deficient in copper. Abnormalities of the ST segment, bundle branch block, supraventricular beats, ventricular beats, and wandering pacemaker were found. Ventricular aneurysm, hemothorax, pleural effusion, cardiac rupture, and hemopericardium also occurred. Gross pathology and abnormal electrophysiology were not closely associated. Electrocardiograms of 12 rats were found to have abnormal ST segments. Rats with similar electrocardiographic abnormalities were assigned to pairs, one member of each pair was selected for treatment with copper by coin toss. Gross pathological findings of treated and untreated rats were similar. Treatment improved the survival of the group and the ECGs of four of the six. These findings were related to certain aspects of ischemic heart disease and to dietary copper in the industrialized part of the world.
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PMID:A randomized trial of copper therapy in rats with electrocardiographic abnormalities due to copper deficiency. 706 86

Some groups of people with high risk of ischemic heart disease have low lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in plasma and vice versa. Because we hypothesized a relationship between inadequate copper nutriture and the risk of ischemic heart disease, we measured plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in copper deficient male Sprague-Dawley rats. Deficiency was verified by the presence of anemia, hypercholesterolemia and low copper concentrations in kidney and skeletal muscle. Three experiments showed a significant decrease (22-32% reduction) in enzyme activity in deficiency. Copper may be required for the synthesis of the enzyme or as a constituent of the enzyme.
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PMID:Plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in copper-deficient rats. 728 94

This study was designed to further investigate the association(s) of cardiovascular diseases and drinking water constituents. A sample of 4200 adults were randomly selected from 35 geographic areas to represent the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the contiguous United States. Each participant was interviewed and given a thorough physical examination. A tap water grab sample was collected from each participant's residence and analyzed for 80 inorganic chemical constituents. This paper is limited to measures of association between mortality rates and mean inorganic chemical constituent levels for the 35 study areas. Limited statistical analyses of associations among some of the chemical constituent levels are also included. Hardness and calcium appear to follow the normal trend of negative associations with the mortality rates for most groups of cardiovascular diseases, whereas the area means for copper and lead are positively associated. Zinc and cadmium associations were examined, but the range of constituent levels in the sampled drinking waters is too small for meaningful interpretation of the results. Unexpectedly, the area sodium means were negatively related to the male and female cardiovascular mortality rates; the associations were statistically significant (P less than 0.05) for both the male and female total cardiovascular-renal and ischemic heart disease mortality rates.
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PMID:Preliminary report on nationwide study of drinking water and cardiovascular diseases. 746 23


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