Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0151744 (myocardial ischemia)
 31,282 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ignorance, apathy, desire to get free advice, investigation and treatment is prevalent in diabetics. Most diabetics (69.63%) are uncontrolled whether on diet, single oral drug or combination of oral drugs or insulin. Ischemic heart disease was commonest complication. Neuritis was present in the one fourth of the followed up cases and was more prevalent in uncontrolled cases. Hypertension increases with the duration of diabetes and was twice more prevalent after duration of more than 5 years. Eye changes were present in about 50% of the people examined. Abnormality increases with the duration of diabetes.
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PMID:Follow up of 318 cases of diabetes mellitus. 1451 Mar 44

We report a case of a right-handed, 73-year-old woman with auditory hallucinations lateralized to the right ear. A brain MRI revealed a small infarction in the left dorsomedial nucleus (DM) of the thalamus. The patient did not have either psychiatric or neurological prior history, and had otherwise been treated for ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia for 10 years. Two months prior to admission, she had become forgetful, and had lost her wallet several times. She concurrently began to experience auditory hallucinations in which she heard the voices of her acquaintances, or "the gods". She frequently monologized and wandered about outside following the contents of the hallucinations. Therefore, she was admitted to our institution. On admission, no apparent abnormalities were revealed by physical examinations or blood analyses. She was alert and had no aphasic symptoms. Except for memory disturbances, no neurological symptoms, including no hearing loss, were found. A brain MRI showed a small localized infarction in the left DM, but EEG findings were normal. The patient had prominent anterograde memory deficits: she hardly remembered what she had done the very same day, or the names of the doctor and hospital. She also demonstrated a retrograde amnesia of the past decade or two: she showed difficulty recalling either personal history or social events that occurred during this era. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) revealed a total IQ of 75 (verbal IQ 77; performance IQ 77). The verbal hallucinations continued with frequent occurrence even after admission. They included voices telling her about misfortunes, such as death or sickness, of her relatives. These turned into threats and commands, such as "I'm gonna kill ya. I attack you from behind. You, do not eat!" In addition, she occasionally experienced "third person auditory hallucination", in which several men were discussing the plan to kill her. As is characteristic of this type of case, the hallucinations always appeared in only her right ear. They did not occur in the other modalities (e.g. as a visual one). She was convinced that the hallucinations were real and looked frightened while they were happening. Whereas the anterograde amnesia continued for 6 months after admission, the retrograde amnesia gradually improved within 2 or 3 months after admission, although a partial amnesia on the past decade eventually turned out to persistent. On the other hand, the hallucinations did not ameliorate satisfactorily with risperidone (3-6 mg/day), but on augmentation with olanzapine (5-20 mg/day), they lessened gradually and almost disappeared within 6 months. She also slowly developed symptoms similar to those of frontal lobe syndrome, i.e., aspontaneity and apathy. In conclusion, our case indicates the importance of DM on memory function. It is noteworthy that schizophrenia-like hallucinations developed in the case. Localized neuronal deficits evoked by infarction in the left DM probably caused the schizophrenia-like hallucinations; the lateralization phenomenon further indicates the involvement of specific neuronal mechanisms in the mediation of the hallucinations. According to the knowledge of the functional anatomy of the DM and the lateralization phenomenon of auditory hallucinations, it is possible that the neuronal loop, comprised of the prefrontal cortex and thalamus, designated as "basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits", in addition to the left temporal cortex, plays an important role in the development of the hallucinations in this case. This possibility might also shed light on the neurological basis of schizophrenia.
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PMID:[A case of left dorsomedial thalamic infarction with unilateral schizophrenia-like auditory hallucinations]. 1653 98

The incidence of depression is higher than that of dementia in the elderly. Unlike depression in other age groups, that in the elderly is characterized by frequent physical complaints, irritation, and delusional tendencies. The treatment of depression in the elderly requires the complex incorporation of psychiatric and gerontological viewpoints. Psychiatrically, difficulty in accepting decreases in psychological and physical functions and solitude is important, as a psychological characteristic, inducing the development of depression. Biochemically, there is an underlying decrease in the function of brain monoaminergic nerve activated, such as by serotonin and noradrenalin. Radiologically, damage to the cerebral white matter and a decrease in the frontal lobe function have been frequently reported. Depression is difficult to differentiate from dementia and is also often complicated by dementia. Since a depressive state often precede Alzheimer's disease, evaluation of cognitive function is also necessary in patients with a depressive state. Although apathy is often observed as a symptom of dementia and tends to be confused with a depressive symptom, caution is necessary because of differences in the treatment method. Gerontologically, depression is one of geriatric syndrome and isa frequently observed in the elderly in the later stage and closely associated with a decrease in activities of daily life. Depression is also closely associated with lifestyle-related diseases, and its incidence is high in the presence of cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, and conversely, depression is often complicated by lifestyle-related disease. Anxiety and depression are frequently observed in the frail elderly, but few studies on the assessment and appropriate approach for psychological matters. Further studies are necessary. The treatment of depression in the elderly could be classified into 3 stages. In the acute stage, the treatment method is the same as that in other age groups, mainly consisting of physical and psychological rest and medication. The drug of first choice is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI). In intractable cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is recommended. In the chronic stage, the prevention of disuse syndrome is necessary, and activating approaches such as exercise therapy are used. In addition, support for patients with decreased activities of daily living and the establishment of a community-based cooperation system for the prevention of suicides are future areas to be tackled. It is important that concomitant dementia and physical illness are appropriately assessed and treated in all stages.
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PMID:[Depression in the elderly]. 1906 44