Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0151744 (myocardial ischemia)
 31,282 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Estrogens are known as potent mammary mitogen substances and are the major stimulus for the growth of hormone-dependent tumors and clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Therefore it is a general belief that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after breast cancer will increase the risk of developing recurrences, though there are no clear data available to support this suggestion. No prospective study with a large number of patients and a long treatment period was performed concerning this issue. On the other hand it may not be justifiable to withhold hormone replacement therapy from low-risk patients after menopause, knowing the benefits of this therapy concerning osteoporosis and cardiovascular advantages. Nevertheless, until appropriate clinical trials help to resolve this problem, non hormonal alternatives constitute the standard of care. One possible approach is to treat menopausal women who have had breast cancer symptomatically and avoid ERT unless absolutely necessary. The risk of cardiovascular diseases can be reduced with lifestyle. Tamoxifen has a beneficial effect on serum lipids and the intake for 5 years leads to a 50% reduction in the incidence of fatal myocardial infarction and a decrease in morbidity associated with ischaemic heart disease. Low doses of progestogen is effective for menopausal hot flushes. Tibolone reduces vasomotoric symptoms such as hot flushes and offers benefit on osteoporosis and has shown a significant reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whether replacing of estrogens is safe for patients after breast cancer remains uncertain. There is a need for a large controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and advantages of long time estrogen replacement in women treated for breast cancer.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement therapy in women with a history of breast cancer. 1046 73

Although the expected mean age of women increased significantly in the 20th century, the time of menopause has not changed (age of 50-51 years). Women's life span in Hungary is 77.2 years, which means, that one third of their lives is lived in menopause. Aging and the consequent lack of estrogen means a more and more serious problem on social level as well. In Hungary there are approximately 1.8 million women above the age of 50. Only an insignificant part of them is treated, which is about 5%, compared to other European countries, where this ratio is between 5 and 25%. Menopause-related symptoms can be divided into the following groups: vasomotor symptoms (sweating, hot flashes, palpitation), decreased psychic and physical functions (fatigue, depression, panic disease, cognitive problems, decreased libido), cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease), endometrial atrophy, bone and articular alterations (osteoporosis) and urogenital symptoms (vaginal dryness, incontinence, cystitis). The most frequent symptom is hot flashes, which is characteristic of more than 60% of women in menopause. Osteoporosis after the cardiovascular diseases is the second most serious problem on public health level. Approximately 9% of the Hungarian population suffers from osteoporotic problems, which concretely means 600.000 women and 300.000 men. The most frequent fractures are the hip and vertebral fractures. In 1999, 15.100 hip and 51.000 peripheric fractures occurred in Hungary. The above mentioned symptoms, even separately, may decrease the quality of life, therefore their treatment and the knowledge of all of the therapeutic possibilities are essential.
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PMID:[Treatment of menopausal symptoms--review of the current literature]. 1678 43

Over the past 2 decades, soy foods have been the subject of a vast amount of research, primarily because they are uniquely rich sources of isoflavones. Isoflavones are classified as both phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators. The phytoestrogenic effects of isoflavones have led some to view soy foods and isoflavone supplements as alternatives to conventional hormone therapy. However, clinical research shows that isoflavones and estrogen exert differing effects on a variety of health outcomes. Nevertheless, there is substantial evidence that soy foods have the potential to address several conditions and diseases associated with the menopausal transition. For example, data suggest that soy foods can potentially reduce ischemic heart disease through multiple mechanisms. Soy protein directly lowers blood low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, and the soybean is low in saturated fat and a source of both essential fatty acids, the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid and the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, soflavones improve endothelial function and possibly slow the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Isoflavone supplements also consistently alleviate menopausal hot flashes provided they contain sufficient amounts of the predominant soybean isoflavone genistein. In contrast, the evidence that isoflavones reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women is unimpressive. Whether adult soy food intake reduces breast cancer risk is unclear. Considerable evidence suggests that for soy to reduce risk, consumption during childhood and/or adolescence is required. Although concerns have been raised that soy food consumption may be harmful to breast cancer patients, an analysis in 9514 breast cancer survivors who were followed for 7.4 y found that higher postdiagnosis soy intake was associated with a significant 25% reduction in tumor recurrence. In summary, the clinical and epidemiologic data indicate that adding soy foods to the diet can contribute to the health of postmenopausal women.
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PMID:Soy foods, isoflavones, and the health of postmenopausal women. 2489 24