Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0151744 (myocardial ischemia)
 31,282 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The causes of chronic heart failure at the end of the 20th century are quite different from those 30 or 50 years ago. The last data from the Framingham study indicate that ischaemic heart disease and/or hypertension are the main cause in as many as 90% patients. The prevalence of chronic heart failure in European countries, 0.4-2%, implies 40-200,000 patients in the Czech Republic. Pharmacological treatment during the last 15 years revealed clearly that the drugs of choice which prolong life are inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-I) which are combined with other drugs as needed by the patient. A combination of five drug groups (ACE-I, digitalis, diuretics, beta-blockers, and spironolactone) are nowadays the basic treatment. In the 4S study (Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study--4,444 patients with ischaemic heart disease followed up for 5.4 years) 412 (9.2%) developed chronic heart failure requiring treatment, i.e. 228 (10.3%) in the placebo group and 184 (8.3%) patients in the group treated with simvastatin (p < 0.015). In the group of patients with signs of heart failure 73 of 228 died the placebo group and 47 of 184 in the simvastatin group (reduction of the relative risk by 19%, p = 0.014), to save one life (NNT) it was necessary to treat 15 patients for a period of 5 years. From the aspect of the number of patients it was necessary to treat six times as many patients without heart failure than with heart failure to save one life in five years. Hypolipidaemic treatment should be an obvious part of treatment of heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Hyperlipoproteinaemia is described in 60-80% patients after transplantation of the heart. Treatment involves diet, reduction or discontinuation of corticoids, maintenance of cyclosporin at the lowest effective level and treatment wit statins.
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PMID:[Lipids and chronic heart failure]. 1134 43

A number of drugs have been tested in clinical trials to decrease cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. To compare the results of these studies, we conducted a quantitative systematic review. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized trials that assessed myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, 30-day cardiac mortality, and adverse effects. Data were combined using a fixed-effect model and expressed as Peto odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and as numbers-needed-to-treat/harm (NNT/H). Twenty-one trials involving 3646 patients were included: 11 trials using beta-blockers (6 drugs; 866 patients), 6 clonidine or mivazerol (614 patients), 3 diltiazem or verapamil (121 patients), and 1 nitroglycerin (45 patients). All trials had an inactive control; there were no direct comparisons. beta-blockers decreased ischemic episodes during surgery (7.6% versus 20.2% with placebo; OR 0.32 [95% CI, 0.17-0.58]; NNT 8) and after surgery (15.2% versus 27.9% with control; OR 0.46 [95% CI, 0.26-0.81]; NNT 8). alpha(2)-agonists decreased ischemia during surgery only (19.4% versus 32.8%; OR 0.47 [95% CI, 0.33-0.68]; NNT 7). beta-blockers reduced the risk of myocardial infarction (0.9% versus 5.2%; OR 0.19 [95% CI, 0.08-0.48]; NNT 23) but only when 2 trials with high-risk patients were included. The effect of alpha(2)-agonists on myocardial infarction was not significant (6.1% versus 7.3%; OR 0.85 [95% CI, 0.62-1.14]). beta-blockers significantly decreased the risk of cardiac death from 3.9% to 0.8% (OR 0.25 [95% CI, 0.09-0.73], NNT 32). alpha(2)-agonists significantly decreased the risk of cardiac death from 2.3% to 1.1% (OR 0.50 [95% CI, 0.28-0.91], NNT 83). For calcium channel blockers and nitroglycerin, evidence of any benefit was lacking. The most common adverse effect was bradycardia, which occurred in 24.5% of patients receiving a beta adrenergic blocker versus 9.1% of controls (OR 3.76 [95% CI, 2.45-5.77], NNH 6).
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PMID:Pharmacologic myocardial protection in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a quantitative systematic review. 1506 57